¡¡

§´§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ä§à§Ô§ä§ß§à§Ý§í§ß 100 §Ø§Ú§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §à§Û§Õ §Ù§à§â§Ú§å§Ý§Ñ§ß 2011 §à§ß§í 12-§â §ã§Ñ§â§í§ß 9-12-§ß§Õ §µ§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§ß§Ò§Ñ§Ñ§ä§Ñ§â §ç§à§ä§ß§à§à §Ù§à§ç§Ú§à§Ô§Õ§ã§à§ß ¡°§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ä§à§Ô§ä§ß§à§Ý §Ò§Ñ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ¡± §à§Ý§à§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §ï§â§Õ§ï§Þ §ê§Ú§ß§Ø§Ú§Ý§Ô§ï§ï§ß§Ú§Û §ç§å§â§Ñ§Ý§Õ §¥§â. §­. §®ө§ß§ç-§¿§â§Õ§ï§ß§ï (§¡§Ó§ã§ä§â§Ú§Û§ß §º§µ§¡)-§Ú§Û§ß §ä§Ñ§Ó§î§ã§Ñ§ß §Ú§Ý§ä§Ô§ï§Ý. §·§å§â§Ý§í§ß §ï§Þ§ç§ï§ä§Ô§ï§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §´үү§ç§Ú§Û§ß §çү§â§ï§ï§Ý§ï§ß§Ô§ï§ï§ã §Ú§â§ï§ç §à§ß§Õ §ï§Þ§ç§ï§ä§Ô§ï§ß §Ô§Ñ§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ñ.


§µ§Õ§Ú§â§ä§Ô§Ñ§Ý
§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §å§Ý§ã§í§Ô §ã§ï§â§Ô§ï§ï§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ñ§Ô§é§Õ§í§ß §ß§ï§Ô ү§ß§Õ§ã§ï§ß §Ù§à§â§Ú§Ý§Ô§à §ß§î §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ§í§ß ү§ß§Õ§ã§Ú§Û§Ô §ç§Ñ§Þ§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ç §ñ§Ó§Õ§Ñ§Ý §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ú§Ý§ï§ï. §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ ¡°§ñ§Ù§Ô§å§å§â§í§ß §ß§ï§Ô§ï§ß ө§Óө§Ô §à§Ó§Ô§Ú§Û§ß¡± (§°§é§Ú§â, §±ү§â§Ó§ï§ï 1982: 279, 142), ¡°§ß§ï§Ô§ï§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í §ñ§ã §Þ§Ñ§ç§ß§í §äө§âө§Ý¡±, ¡°§ß§ï§Ô§ï§ß ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ß§Ú§Û §ä§å§Ý¡± ¡°§Ùү§Û §ß§î §Ø§Ñ§â§Ô§Ñ§Ó§é, §Ù§à§Ó§à§Ó§é §äө§âө§Ó§é ү§ç§ï§Ó§é §ç§Ñ§Þ§ä §Ò§à§Ý§Ò§Ñ§Ñ§ã §Ù§à§ç§Ú§ß§à¡± (§®§Ñ§Ô§ã§Ñ§â§Ø§Ñ§Ó 1994: 41-2, 55) §Ô§ï§Ø §ä§ï§Õ ү§Ù§ï§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ø§ï§ïi. §´§ï§Õ§ß§Ú§Û §ç§å§Ó§î§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ §Ò§å§ã§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§ã §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ú§Õ ¡°§ã§å§â§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§Ý, §ê§Ñ§ê§Ú§ß, §ç§ï§Ý §Ò§Ú§é§Ú§Ô, ү§ã§ï§Ô§ä§ï§Û¡± (§®§Ñ§Ô§ã§Ñ§â§Ø§Ñ§Ó 1994: 41, 19) §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ý§Ñ§Ñ.ii
§¤§ï§Ó§é §ç§à§â§î §çү§â§ï§ç§Ôү§Û §Ø§Ú§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §Õ§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ñ§ç§ß§í §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §ï§â§ç §Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§Ô§é§Õ§í§ß §ç§å§Ó§î§Õ §Ùө§Ó§çө§ß §¢ү§Ô§Õ §¯§Ñ§Û§â§Ñ§Þ§Õ§Ñ§ç §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §¡§â§Õ §µ§Ý§ã§Ñ§Õ (§¢§¯§®§¡§µ) өө§â өө§â ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í 30 §ê§Ñ§ç§Ñ§Þ §Ò§Ñ§Ô§Ñ §ñ§ã§ä§Ñ§ß §à§â§ê§Ú§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §äө§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôү§Û §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §äө§â §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ã §ä§ï§Õ§Ô§ï§ï§â §Ò§Ñ§Ô§Ñ §ñ§ã§ä§ß§í §ä§å§ã §ä§å§ã§í§ß ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ, §ç§ï§Ý §ã§à§×§Ý, §Ñ§Ø §Ñ§ç§å§Û, §Ò§à§Ý§à§Ó§ã§à§ß §çү§é§ß§Ú§Û§Ô §çө§Ô§Øүү§Ý§ï§ç§Ú§Û§Ô §ï§â§Þ§ï§Ý§Ù§ï§ß ¡°ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í §Ò§à§Õ§Ý§à§Ô§à¡± §Ò§å§ð§å ¡°§Ò§Ñ§Ô§Ñ §ñ§ã§ä§ß§í §ä§å§ç§Ñ§Û §Ò§à§Õ§Ý§à§Ô§à¡± §ç§ï§Þ§ï§ï§ç §Ü§Ñ§Þ§á§Ñ§ß§Ú§ä §Ñ§Ø§Ý§í§Ô §å§Ý§ã §à§â§à§ß §Õ§Ñ§ñ§Ñ§â ө§â§ßүү§Ý§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ý§Ñ§Ñ.iii


§¿§Õү§Ô§ï§ï §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §å§Ý§ã§Ñ§Õ 20 §Ô§Ñ§â§Ñ§ß §ñ§ã§ä§Ñ§ß §Ò§å§ð§å §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Òү§Ý§ï§Ô, §Õ§ï§Ý§ç§Ú§Û §Õ§ï§ï§â 7 §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Ø§å§å §ç§ï§Ý, §ç§ï§Õ §ç§ï§Õ§ï§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Ø§å§å ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ä§ßүү§Õ §à§â§ê§Ú§Ø §Ò§å§Û §Ñ§Ø§ï§ï (§¬§Ñ§â§Ñ 2005: 190). 1911 §à§ß§Õ §ß§ï§Ô ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã, §ß§ï§Ô §ç§ï§Ý§ä§ï§Û §Ô§ï§Ø ү§Ù§ï§Ô§Õ§ï§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ §é§å§ç§Ñ§Þ §ñ§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§Õ, §ç§ï§â§ç§ï§ß §Ú§ß§Ô§ï§Ø ү§Ù§ï§Ô§Õ§ï§ç §Ò§à§Ý§à§Ó? §Á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ô§å§ñ§Ñ 1911 §à§ß, 1928 §à§ß§í §ç§à§à§â§à§ß§Õ §ð§å өө§â§é§Ýө§Ô§Õө§Ó? §¹§å§ç§Ñ§Þ §ï§Õ§Ô§ï§ï§â §Ñ§ã§å§å§Ý§ä§í§ß §ç§Ñ§â§Ú§å§Ô §ä§à§Õ§â§å§å§Ý§Ñ§ç §Ù§à§â§Ú§Ý§Ô§à§à§â §ï§ß§ï§çүү §Ú§Ý§ä§Ô§ï§Ý§ï§ï §ä§Ñ §Òү§ç§ß§Ú§Û §Ñ§ß§ç§Ñ§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ý§Õ §ä§à§Ý§Ú§Ý§å§å§Ý§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ.
Үү§ß§Ú§Û §ä§å§Ý§Õ §Þ§Ú§ß§Ú§Û §Ò§Ú§Ö 17-§à§à§ã 20-§â §Ù§å§å§ß§í §ï§ç§ï§ß ү§Ö§Ú§Û§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §¥§Ñ§Û§é§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §äүү§ç §Ò§Ú§é§Ý§ï§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §ã§å§â§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ø§å§å§Õ, §ê§Ú§ß§ï§ï§â §ç§ï§Ó§Ý§ï§Ô§Õ§ã§ï§ß §¥§Ñ§Û§é§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §ã§å§â§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ø§å§å§Õ, 18-§Ñ§Ñ§ã 20 §Ù§å§å§ß§í §ï§ç§ï§ß ү§Ö§Ú§Û§ß §°§â§à§ã §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §¦§Ó§â§à§á§í§ß §Ñ§ñ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§é§Ú§Õ, §ã§å§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§é§Õ§í§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §ä§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§â§ç §Ù§à§ç§Ú§à§Ý §Òү§ä§ï§ï§Ýүү§Õ, §©ө§Ó§Ýө§Ý§ä, §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §ã§å§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ý§í§ß §ï§â§Õ§ï§Þ§ä§ï§Õ§Ú§Û§ß §Ù§à§ç§Ú§à§Ý §Òү§ä§ï§ï§Ýүү§Õ 19-§â §Ù§å§å§ß§í §ãүү§Ý§ï§ï§ã 20-§â §Ù§å§å§ß§í 50-§Ú§Ñ§Õ §à§ß§í §ãүү§Ý §çү§â§ä§ï§Ý§ç ү§Ö§Ú§Û§ß §Ñ§â§ç§Ú§Ó§Ú§Û§ß §ã§å§â§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ø§å§å§Õ§í§Ô §ã§å§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ø ү§Ù§Ý§ï§ï.

§µ§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ß§é§Ý§Ñ§Ý§í§ß §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ §ä§à§Ó§é§ç§à§ß§Õ§à§à
§¿§Õү§Ô§ï§ï §à§Ý§à§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Ø§å§å §ç§ï§Ý, ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ä§ï§ß §à§â§ê§Ú§Ø §Ò§å§Û§ß ү§ß§Õ§ã§ï§ß §ê§Ñ§Ý§ä§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ß §ß§î §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ä§à§Ô§ä§ß§à§Ý§í§ß §ä§ï§Þ§è§ï§Ý §ä§å§ç§Ñ§Û§ß ү§Ö§Ú§Û§ß §à§Ý§à§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §ç§Ñ§â§Ú§Ý§è§Ñ§Ñ, §Ú§ç §Ôү§â§ßүү§Õ§Ú§Û§ß §Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§Þ§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§â §ã§å§å§â§Ú§Û§ß ө§Þ§ßө §çү§é§Ú§ß §Þө§çө§ã§Õ§ãө§ß§ä§ï§Û §ê§å§å§Õ §ç§à§Ý§Ò§à§à§ä§à§Û §ß§î §ç§ï§ß §Òү§ç§ï§ß§Õ §à§Û§Ý§Ô§à§Þ§Ø§ä§à§Û §ç§ï§â§ï§Ô §Ò§Ú§Ý§ï§ï. §¤§ï§ç§Õ§ï§ï §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ä§à§Ô§ä§ß§à§Ý§à§à §à§Ý§Ø §Ñ§Ó§ã§Ñ§ß §ç§ï§ã§ï§Ô §Ò§à§Ý§à§ç §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §å§Ý§ã§Ñ§Õ §é§å§ç§Ñ§Þ §ñ§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§Õ 30-§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §ñ§ã§ä§Ñ§ß §Ò§å§ð§å §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Òү§Ý§ï§Ô, §ç§ï§Õ §ç§ï§Õ§ï§ß §Ù§å§å§ß §à§Ó§à§Ô, §Ñ§Þ§Ñ§ß §Ñ§ñ§Ý§Ô§å§å §Òү§â§ä§Ô§ï§Ô§Õ§ï§Ø §Ò§Ú§Û §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §ß§î §Þ§Ú§ß§Ú§Û §ã§à§ß§Ú§â§ç§à§Ý§í§Ô §ä§Ñ§ä§Ñ§Ø §ï§ß§ï §ã§å§Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§Ô §ç§Ú§Û§ç§ï§Õ §çү§â§Ô§ï§ã§ï§ß §Ò§Ú§Ý§ï§ï.
§µ§Ô §Ñ§ã§å§å§Õ§Ý§í§Ô §Ú§ç§ï§ß§ç §ã§å§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§é§Ú§Õ §ß§ï§Ô §ä§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§ã §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §Õ§Ñ§ç§î §æ§Ö§à§Õ§Ñ§Ý§í§ß §Ò§å§ð§å §å§Ý§ã §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §Ò§å§ä§â§Ñ§Ý §Ò§Ñ §®§Ñ§ß§Ø§Ú§Û§ß §ç§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§â§Ô§Ñ§ß §Ò§å§ä§Ñ§â§Ô§Ñ§ç §Ò§à§Õ§Ý§à§Ô§à, §ßө§Ôөө §ä§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§ã §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß ¡°§ßүү§Õ§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §ß§Ú§Û§Ô§Þ§Ú§Û§ß §à§Ó§à§Ô §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ñ§Ý§ä§ä§Ñ§Û¡± §ç§à§Ý§Ò§à§ß §ä§Ñ§Û§Ý§Ò§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ§Ø §Ú§â§Ø§ï§ï. §¤§ï§Ó§é §Þ§Ú§ß§Ú§Û §ã§å§Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ñ §å§Ô §Ñ§ã§å§å§Õ§Ý§í§Ô §Ú§ç§ï§ï§ç§ï§ß өө§âөө§â §ä§Ñ§Û§Ý§Ò§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ§ç§Ñ§Õ §çү§â§Ô§ï§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ §Ò§Ñ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §ï§ß§ï §Òү§ç ¡°§à§Ý§à§ß§Ý§à§Ô§à§à§ã¡± §Òү§â§ï§Ý§Õ§ï§ç §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §ß§î §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §å§Ý§ã §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §Ò§å§ä§â§Ñ§Ý, §ï§ã§Ó§ï§Ý §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ§í§ß §à§Ó§à§Ô §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§ã §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §Ô§ï§ç§ï§ï§ã§ï§ï §Ú§Ýүү §ä§å§ß §ã§Ñ§ñ§ç§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ñ§ã §ä§å§ç§Ñ§Û§Ý§Ò§Ñ§Ý 1930-§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §à§ß§à§à§ã §ï§Õү§Ô§ï§ï §çү§â§ä§ï§Ý §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Õ §ß§à§×§Ý§à§ç §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §ï§â§ä §Ò§Ñ §ï§Õү§Ô§ï§ï§Ô§Ú§Û§ß§ç §ß§î §ç§Ñ§Þ§ä §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Ùү§Û§ß §ßү§Õ§ï§ï§â, §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§â §ç§Ñ§â§Ø, §à§Û§Ý§Ô§à§Ø, §ä§Ñ§Û§Ý§Ò§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ§ç §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß§ä§à§Û §ç§à§Ý§Ò§à§à§ä§à§Û §Ò§à§Ý§à§ç§í§Ô §ã§å§Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ñ §Þ§Ñ§Ñ§ß§î §ç§Ñ§â§å§å§Ý§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ.
1928 §à§ß§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §ê§Ú§ß§ï §ï§â§ç §Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§Ô§é§Õ§í§ß §ç§Ñ§Þ§ä §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Ùү§Û§ß үү§Õ§ß§ï§ï§ã §Òү§â §ä§à§Õ§â§å§å§Ý§Ò§Ñ§Ý ¡°§å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ß§é§Ý§Ñ§Ý§í§ß §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§â¡± §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§ç ү§Ù§ï§Ý §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Õ §ç§å§Ó§Ñ§Ñ§â§î§Ôү§Û §ß§à§×§â§ç§à§ç §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §µ§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§â §å§Ô §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §Ò§Ñ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ§í§Ô ү§Ù§ï§ç ¡°ү§ß§ï§ß§Ú§Û §Õ§ï§Ô§Ý§ï§Þ¡± (§¶ү§Ü§à 2001) §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §ç§å§Ó§Ú§â§é §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §Ò§à§Õ§Ý§à§Ô§à, §ï§â§Õ§ï§Þ §ê§Ú§ß§Ø§Ú§Ý§Ô§ï§ï, §Ò§à§Ý§à§Ó§ã§â§à§Ý§í§ß §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Õ §ß§ï§Ó§é§Ú§Ø, §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ§í§Ô ¡°§å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ß§é§Ý§Ñ§Ý§í§ß §Õ§å§â§Ñ§ß§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â¡± §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ú§Ý§Ñ§ç, §ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ§ç, §ç§å§Ó§Ñ§Ñ§â§Ú§Ý§Ñ§ç, §çү§Þүү§Øүү§Ý§ï§ç §Òү§ç§ï§Ý §Òү§ä§ï§ß ¡°§å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ß§é§Ý§Ñ§Ý§í§ß §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ§Ú§Û§Ô¡° §Ò§Ú§Û §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§Ø§ï§ï.
§µ§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§â §å§Ô §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ§Ñ§Õ ¡°§å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ß§é§Ý§Ñ§Ý§í§ß §ßү§Õ¡± §ã§å§å§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ø §ä§ï§Õ§ß§Ú§Û §Ú§ä§Ô§ï§Ý ү§ß§ï§Þ§ê§Ú§Ý §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§ã§ß§à§à§â §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §å§Ý§ã §ï§ß§ï §Òү§ç өө§â өө§â ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ä§ï§ß, §ñ§ã§ä§Ñ§ß §Ò§å§ð§å §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Òү§Ý§ï§Ô, §à§Ó§à§Ô, §ç§ï§Ý, §Ñ§Þ§Ñ§ß §Ñ§ñ§Ý§Ô§å§å §Ù§ï§â§ï§Ô §Ú§Ø§Ú§Ý§ã§Ý§Ú§Û§ß ¡°§à§Ý§à§ß§Ý§à§Ô§à§à§ã¡± §Òү§â§ï§Ý§Õ§ï§ç §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ §Ô§ï§ã§ï§ß §Õү§Ô§ß§ï§Ý§ä§ï§ß§Õ §çү§â§é §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ.
§µ§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§â ¡°§å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ß§é§Ý§Ñ§Ý§í§ß §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ¡± §ß§î §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §ï§Õү§Ô§ï§ï§Ô §äө§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôү§Û ө§ß§Ôө§â§ã§ß§Ú§Û§Ô §é §Þө§ß ¡°§å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ß§é§Ú§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß¡± §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. Үү§ß§Ú§Û §å§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§ã §ï§Õү§Ô§ï§ï§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Òү§Ý§Ô§ï§ï§ã §Òү§â§ï§Ý§Õ§Õ§ï§Ô §Ò§à§Ý ө§ß§Ôө§â§ãө§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §à§Ó§à§Ô §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §Òү§Ý§Ô§ï§ï§ã §Òү§â§ï§Ý§Õ§Õ§ï§Ô, өө§âөө§â §ç§ï§Ý§Ò§ï§Ý §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý ү§â§Ô§ï§Ý§Ø §Ý §Òү§Ý§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §à§Ý§à§ß§Ý§à§Ô §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§à§Ý§Ø§ï§ï. §´үү§Ô§ï§ï§â §é §Ò§Ñ§â§Ñ§ç§Ôү§Û §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §äө§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôү§Û §äө§Ó §¡§Ù§Ú§Û§ß §ï§ß§ï§çүү §Ô§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§â §ß§å§ä§Ñ§Ô §Þө§ß ¡°§å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ß§é§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Õ§ã§Ñ§ß¡± §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §¹§å§ç§Ñ§Þ §äүү§ß§Ú§Û §å§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§ã §´ө§Ó §¡§Ù§Ú §ç§ï§Þ§ï§ï§ç §ï§ß§ï §Ô§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§â §ß§å§ä§Ñ§Ô §ñ§Þ§Ñ§â §ß§ï§Ô ү§Ý §à§Û§Ý§Ô§à§Ô§Õ§à§ç §Ô§Ñ§Û§ç§Ñ§Þ§ê§Ú§Ô§ä §å§Ó§Ú§Õ§Ñ§ã§ä§Ñ§Û §Ò§à§Ý§Ø §äө§âө§Ý §Òү§â§Ú§Û§ß §Ñ§â§Õ §äү§Þ§ßүү§Õ§Ú§Û§Ô §Ñ§â §Ñ§â§Ñ§Ñ§ã §ß§î §å§Ô§ã§â§å§å§Ý§Ñ§ß §äө§âүү§Ý§Ø, §Ùү§Ô §Òү§â§ä (§Ú§ç§ï§Ó§é§Ý§ï§ß ө§â§ßө §Ùү§Ô§ä) §èө§Ý§Õө§Ô §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ß-§Ñ§â§Õ §äү§Þ§ï§ß §äө§âүү§Ý§ï§Ô§é §Ô§à§Ý§à§Þ§ä §Ò§à§Ý§Ø§ï§ï.iv
§¤§ï§ä§ï§Ý §´ө§Ó §¡§Ù§Ú§Û§ß §çө§â§ê §Ù§ï§â§Ô§ï§Ý§Õ§ï§ï§ç §ä§å§ç§Ñ§Û§Ý§Ò§Ñ§Ý §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Õ §äө§â §å§Ý§ã §Ý §ç§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Õ§Ñ§ß §ã§à§Ý§Ú§Ô§Õ§à§ç§à§à§ã §Ò§å§ã §Ñ§â§Õ §äү§Þ§ï§ß §ß§î §ç§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Õ§Ñ§ß §ã§à§Ý§Ú§Ô§Õ§à§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß§Ôү§Û. §´§Ú§Û§Þ§ï§ï§ã §´ө§Ó §¡§Ù§Ú§Û§ß §äүү§ç §å§Ý§ã §äө§â-§Ú§â§Ô§ï§ß§ê§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §äүү§ç §Ô§ï§ç§ï§ï§ã§ï§ï §Ú§Ýүү ¡°§å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ß-§ã§à§×§Ý§í§ß¡± §äүү§ç §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §ç§å§Ó§Ú§â§é, §äүү§ß§Ú§Û §ç§Ñ§Þ§ä §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §ç§ï§Þ§ï§ï§ç §äө§â §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §Òү§ä§ï§ï§Ý §Ò§å§ã §ç§Ñ§â§Ú§ß §´ө§Ó §¡§Ù§Ú§Û§ß §äө§âүү§Ý§ã§ï§ß §ï§ï§Ý§Ø§Ú§ä §ß§ï§Ô§ï§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ß §Ò§à§Ý§Ø §ç§å§Ó§Ú§â§é§ï§ï. §¿§ß§ï §å§ä§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ñ §´ө§Ó §¡§Ù§Ú§Û§ß §äүү§ç §äө§â §å§Ý§ã-§Ú§â§Ô§ï§ß§ê§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §Ô§ï§ç§ï§ï§ã§ï§ï §Ú§Ýүү §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §äүү§ç§ï§ß§Õ §ç§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§â§Ñ§ç §Ò§à§Ý§Ø§ï§ï.

§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §à§Ý§à§ß §ñ§ã§ä§ß§í §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§ã§à§ß §ß§î
§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §é§å§ç§Ñ§Þ §ñ§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§Õ, §ç§ï§â§ç§ï§ß §ï§ß§ï §Ò§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ñ§Ý§Õ §çү§â§ï§ç §Ò§à§Ý§à§Ó? §¿§ß§ï §Ñ§ã§å§å§Ý§ä§Ñ§ß§Õ §ç§Ñ§â§Ú§å§Ý§Ñ§ç§í§ß §ä§å§Ý§Õ §ð§å§ß§í §äү§âүү§ß§Õ 1911 §à§ß, 1928 §à§ß§í §ç§à§à§â§à§ß§Õ §ð§å өө§â§é§Ýө§Ô§Õөө§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Õ ¡°§å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ß§é§Ý§Ñ§Ý§í§ß §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ¡± §ß§à§×§Ý§à§ç §Ò§à§Ý§Ø, §¢§¯§®§¡§µ 30 §ê§Ñ§ç§Ñ§Þ өө§â өө§â ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ §Òү§ç§Ú§Û §Ò§Ñ§Ô§Ñ §ñ§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Û §Ò§à§Ý§à§Ó §Ô§ï§Õ§Ô§Ú§Û§Ô §ä§à§Õ§â§å§å§Ý§î§ñ.
§¢§Ú§Õ §Òү§ç§ß§Ú§Û §Þ§ï§Õ§ï§Ø §Ò§å§Û§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â 1911 §à§ß§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ä§à§Ô§ä§ß§à§Ý§í§Ô §ã§ï§â§Ô§ï§ï§Ô§ã§ï§Õ §ß§î §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í §ß§à§×§Õ, §ä§ï§Õ§ß§Ú§Û §ç§Ñ§ß§î §ç§Ñ§Þ§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ß §ç§å§ä§Ñ§Ô§ä §ç§å§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ú§Ý§ï§ï. §¤§ï§ä§ï§Ý 1928 §à§ß §Ò§à§Ý ¡°§çө§Õөө§Ô§Ú§Û§ß¡± Ө.§¢§Ñ§Õ§â§Ñ§ç, §±.§¤§ï§ß§Õ§ï§ß, §¥§à§â§ß§à §Õ§Ñ§ç§Ú§ß§í §·ө§Õө§Ý§Þө§â§é§Õ§Ú§Û§ß §¬§à§Þ§Þ§å§ß§Ú§ã§ä §ª§ç §³§å§â§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ú§Û§ß (§¥§¥§·§¬§ª§³) §©.§º§Ú§Ø§ï§ï, §¢. §¿§Ý§Õ§ï§Ó-§°§é§Ú§â §ä§ï§â§Ôүү§ä§ï§Û, §ñ§Õ§å§å, §Õ§à§â§Õ, §Ø§Ú§ß§ç§ï§ß§ï §Ñ§â§Õ §Ô§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ý§ä§Ñ§Û §©үү§ß§ä§ßүү§Õ §ç§ï§Þ§ï§ï§ç §¬§à§Þ§Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§ß§í §ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§å§Ý§å§å§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §ï§â§ç§ï§ß§Õ §Ô§Ñ§â§ã§Ñ§ß ү§Ö §Ò§Ú§Ý§ï§ïv. 1911 §à§ß§à§à§ã 1928 §à§ß§í §ç§à§à§â§à§ß§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Õ §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §ç§Ñ§Þ§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §ä§à§Þ §ç§å§Ó§î§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ý§ä өө§â§é§Ýө§Ý§ä §ß§î §é§å§ç§Ñ§Þ §ï§ß§ï §Ò§å§ð§å §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ø, §äүү§ß§Ú§Û§Ô §à§Ý§à§ß §Ù§å§å§ß §Õ§Ñ§Þ§ß§å§å§Ý§Ñ§ß §Ñ§Ó§é §Ú§â§ã§ï§ß §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß§í §ï§â§ç §Þ§ï§Õ§Ý§Ú§Û§Ô §ç§Ñ§Ý§Ø, ¡°§çө§Õөө§Ô§Ú§Û§ß¡±, §ñ§Õ§å§å, §Õ§à§â§Õ §Ñ§â§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ç §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §ñ§Ó§Õ§Ñ§Ý §ð§Þ.
§¿§â§ç §Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§Ô§é§Õ§í§ß §ç§Ñ§Þ§ä §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô ү§Ù§ï§ç ү§Ù§ï§Ý §ç§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Õ§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §ä§à§Õ§à§â§ç§à§Û§Ý§Ø, §äө§Ýөө§Ý§Ø, §Òү§ä§ï§ï§Ø §Ú§â§ã§ï§ß §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß§í ү§Ù§ï§Ý §ç§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Õ§Ñ§Ø §äүү§ß§Ú§Û §à§â§à§ß§Õ §¥§¥§·§¬§ª§³-§Õ §ã§å§â§Ñ§Ý§è§ã§Ñ§ß ¡°§çө§Õөө§Ô§Ú§Û§ß¡± §ñ§Õ§å§å, §Õ§à§â§Õ, §ç§Ñ§â§è §Ô§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ý§ä§Ñ§Û §Ù§Ñ§Ý§å§å§ã§í§ß ¡°ү§Ù§ï§Ý¡± §®o§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Õ §ß§à§×§Ý§à§ç §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §ð§Þ. §·§Ñ§â§è §Ô§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ý, §Ù§Ñ§Ý§å§å §ß§Ñ§ã §ß§î §ä§ï§Õ§ß§Ú§Û§Ô §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß§í ү§Ù§Ý§ï§ï§ã §ä§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§à§Ý §Ù§Ñ§ç §ç§ñ§Ù§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §çө§Õөө §ß§å§ä§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §Ô§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ý, §Ò§à§Ý§à§Ó§ã§â§à§Ý §ß§î §ä§ï§Õ§ï§ß§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô, §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §Ö§âө§ß§ç§Ú§Û §å§Ý§ã §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §Ñ§Þ§î§Õ§â§Ñ§Ý§í§ß §ß§Ñ§â§Ú§Û§ß §ê§Ú§â§Ú§Û§ß§Ú§Û§Ô §à§Û§Ý§Ô§à§ç §Ò§à§Ý§à§Þ§Ø§Ú§Û§Ô §é §ä§å§ß §ç§à§Þ§ã §à§Ý§Ô§à§Ø§ï§ï. §¿§ß§ï §Òү§ç§ï§ß §ß§î §ä§ï§Õ§ß§Ú§Û§Ô §©ө§Ó§Ýө§Ý§ä§Ú§Û§ß ү§Ù§ï§Ý §ã§å§â§ä§Ñ§Ý, §ßө§Ýөө§ß§Õ §ç§ñ§Ý§Ò§Ñ§â §Ñ§Ó§ä§Ñ§ç§å§Û§è §äө§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôү§Û §Õ§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ñ§ñ§ã§Ñ§ç§å§Û§è §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§ã§à§ß §Ñ§Ø. Ү§ß§ï§ß§Õ§ï§ï §ä§ï§Õ §¬§à§Þ§Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§ß, §©ө§Ó§Ýө§Ý§ä§Ú§Û§ß §Ò§à§Õ§Ý§à§Ô§í§Ô §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Õ §ç§ï§â§ï§Ô§Øүү§Ý§ï§ç§Ú§Û§ß §ä§å§Ý§Õ §ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ô§Õ§ã§Ñ§ß §å§é§Ú§â §ä§ï§Õ §¬§à§Þ§Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§ß, §©ө§Ó§Ýө§Ý§ä§Ú§Û§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §ä§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§â§ç ү§Ù§ï§Ý §Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§Þ§ä§Ý§Ñ§Ý§í§Ô §äө§Ýөө§Ý§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §ð§Þ. §´§Ú§Û§Þ §é §å§é§Ú§â §ä§ï§Õ§ß§Ú§Û §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Õ §ñ§Ó§å§å§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß ¡°§Ò§Ñ§Ô§Ñ §ñ§ã§ä§ß§í §ä§å§ç§Ñ§Û §Ò§à§Õ§Ý§à§Ô§à¡± §ç§ï§Þ§ï§ï§ç §Ü§Ñ§Þ§á§Ñ§ß§Ú§ä §Ñ§Ø§Ú§Ý §ß§î §¬§à§Þ§Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§ß §Ò§Ñ §©ө§Ó§Ýө§Ý§ä§Ú§Û§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Õ §ñ§Ó§å§å§Ý§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§à§Õ§Ý§à§Ô§í§ß §Òү§â§ï§Ý§Õ§ï§çүү§ß §äө§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôү§Û, §©ө§Ó§Ýө§Ý§äө§Õ ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ä§ß§Ú§Û §Ñ§ã§å§å§Õ§Ý§í§Ô §ê§Ú§Û§Õ§ï§ç§Ú§Û§ß §ä§å§Ý§Õ §¢§à§Ý§î§ê§Ö§Ó§Ú§Ü§å§å§Õ§í§ß §ñ§Ó§å§å§Ý§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ä§ß§Ú§Û §Ò§à§Õ§Ý§à§Ô§í§ß §ç§å§å§Ý§Ò§Ñ§â §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §ð§Þ.vi
§¹§å§ç§Ñ§Þ §ï§ß§ï ү§Ö§Õ §Ò§å§ð§å 1928 §à§ß§Õ §¢§à§â§Ú§ã §£§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Þ§Ú§â§è§à§Ó ¡°§©ү§Ô§ï§ï§â §Ý §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ §Ô§ï§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ç§Ôү§Û, §ç§Ñ§â§Ú§ß §·§Ñ§Ý§ç§é§å§å§Õ, §·§Ñ§â§é§Ú§ß§å§å§Õ, §¢§å§â§Ú§Ñ§Õ§å§å§Õ, §¹§Ñ§ç§Ñ§â§å§å§Õ §Ô§ï§ç §Þ§ï§ä §Ý §Ò§Ú§Û ¡­ §Ò§Ú§Ö §Ò§Ú§Ö§ß§ï§ï§ã§ï§ï ¡­ §ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§â§Õ§Ñ§Ô §äө§âө§Ý §Òү§â§Ú§Û§ß §à§Ó§à§Ô §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ô§å§å§Õ, ¡­ өө§â§ã§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôөө ¡­ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §à§Ó§à§Ô §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ñ§Ô§ä (§Þ§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§Þ§å §á§Ý§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú) §Ò§Ñ§Ô§ä§Ñ§Ñ§ß ү§Ù§Õ§ï§Ô §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §Ñ§â§Õ §äү§Þ§ßүү§Õ (§Þ§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§î§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§í)¡± §Ý §Ò§Ú§Û. ¡°§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §à§Ó§à§Ô §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ô§å§å§Õ§Ñ§Õ §ç§Ñ§â§î§ñ§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Õ§Ñ§ç§í§ß ү§ß§Õ§ã§ï§ß §ê§Ú§ß§Ø §ä§ï§Þ§Õ§ï§Ô §ß§î §ç§ï§Ý §ð§Þ. §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §ç§ï§Ý§ï§ï§â §ñ§â§Ú§ß§Ñ §Ô§ï§Õ§ï§Ô §ß§î §ð§å §Ô§ï§ã§ï§ß ү§Ô §Ó§ï? §¿§ß§ï §ß§î §Ñ§Ý§î §ß§ï§Ô §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §Ñ§ñ§Ý§Ô§å§å§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ñ§â§Ú§ß§Ñ, §·§Ñ§Ý§ç§å§å§Õ, §·§Ñ§â§é§Ú§ß§å§å§Õ, §¢§å§â§Ú§Ñ§Õ§å§å§Õ, §¥ө§â§Óө§Õүү§Õ §ñ§â§î§Õ§Ñ§Ô §ê§Ú§Ô §ñ§â§Ú§ß§Ñ §Ô§ï§ã§ï§ß ү§Ô. §¯§ï§Ô§Õ§Þ§ï§Ý §ß§Ú§Û§ä§Ú§Û§ß §ç§ï§Ý §Ò§Ñ§Û§ç§Ôү§Û, §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§Ñ§Ñ §é ү§Ôү§Û, §Ò§Ú§Ö §Ò§Ú§Ö§ß§ï§ï§ã§ï§ï §ñ§Þ§Ñ§â §ß§ï§Ô §ç§ï§Þ§Ø§ï§ï§Ô§ï§ï§â §ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§â§Õ§Ñ§Ô §Òү§Ý§ï§Ô §Ñ§ñ§Ý§Ô§å§å§ß§å§å§Õ §Ý §Ò§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ñ§Ô, §ä§ï§Ô§ï§ï§Õ §Ý §ä§ï§â¡± §Ô§ï§Ø §ä§å§ß§ç§Ñ§Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §ß§î §¬§à§Þ§Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§ß, §©§·§µ-§Ñ§Ñ§ã §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §ä§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§â §ñ§Ó§å§å§Ý§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§à§Õ§Ý§à§Ô§à§ä§à§Û §è§Ñ§Ô §ç§å§Ô§Ñ§è§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í §ç§å§Ó§î§Õ §é, ү§Ù§ï§Ý §Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§Þ§ä§Ý§Ñ§Ý§í§ß §ç§å§Ó§î§Õ §é §ñ§Ó §è§Ñ§Ó §ß§Ú§Û§Ý§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §ð§Þ (NARK, f.R3, op.2. d. 114).vii §¹§å§ç§Ñ§Þ §ï§ß§ï ү§Ö§ï§ã §ï§ç§Ý§ï§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §à§Û§Ý§Ô§à§ç §ï§ß§ï §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Õ, §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §ã§å§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ý§Õ §ß§à§×§Ý§à§ç §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §Ò§Ú§Ý§ï§ï.


§µ§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§â §©үү§ß§ä§ßүү§Õ §é §é§å§ç§Ñ§Þ §ï§ß§ï §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ§í§Ô §ä§å§Ý§Ô§å§å§â §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§Ø §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Õ §¬§Ñ§ã§Ú§Þ§à§Ó §Ô§ï§Ô§é §Ùө§Ó§Ýө§Ô§é§ä§ï§Û, ¡°§Ò§Ñ§Ô§Ñ §ñ§ã§ä§Ñ§ß¡± §Ô§ï§Õ§ï§Ô §ã§ä§Ñ§ä§å§ã§ä§Ñ§Û өө§â өө§â ¡°ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í¡± §Ò§å§ð§å ¡°ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ä§ß§Ú§Û¡± §äө§Ýөө§Ý§Ýөө§ã §Òү§â§ï§Ý§Õ§ã§ï§ß, §¡§Ý§ä§Ñ§Û§ß §µ§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§ç§Ñ§Û§ß §´.§³§å§â§Ñ§ç§Ò§Ñ§ñ§â§Ñ§Ñ§â §Õ§Ñ§â§Ô§Ñ§Ý§å§å§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß Ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í §ñ§Ó§Õ§Ý§í§ß §Ùө§Ó§Ýө§Ý §Ò§å§ð§å §¢§Ñ§Ô§Ñ §ñ§ã§ä§ß§í §Ùө§Ó§Ýө§Ý§Ú§Û§Ô §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ø §©ө§Ó§Ýө§Ý§ä§Ú§Û§ß §Ù§Ñ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§â, §Ùө§Ó§Ýө§Ôөө, §ä§å§â§ê§Ý§Ñ§Ô§í§Ô ү§ß§ï§ß§é§ï§ï§â §Þө§â§Õө§Ø ¡°ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í¡± §Ò§å§ð§å ¡°§Ò§Ñ§Ô§Ñ §ñ§ã§ä§ß§í §ä§å§ç§Ñ§Û §Ò§à§Õ§Ý§à§Ô§à¡± §ç§ï§Þ§ï§ï§ç §Ü§Ñ§Þ§á§Ñ§ß§Ú§ä §Ñ§Ø§Ý§í§Ô §ï§â§é §çү§é§ä§ï§Û §ñ§Ó§å§å§Ý§Ø §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §å§Ô §Ò§à§Õ§Ý§à§Ô§í§ß§ç§à§à §Õ§Ñ§Ô§å§å өө§â§é§Ýө§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ø §ï§Õү§Ô§ï§ï§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §à§Ý§à§ß ¡°ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ä§ß§Ú§Û¡±, ¡°ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í¡±, §ï§ã§Ó§ï§Ý ¡°§à§Ý§à§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í¡± §ï§ã§Ó§ï§Ý §à§Ý§à§ß §ñ§ã§ä§ß§í §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §å§Ý§ã§í§Ô §Òү§ä§ï§ï§Ø§ï§ï.viii 1930-§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §à§ß§à§à§ã §ï§ç§Ý§ï§ß §©үү§ß §å§Õ§Ú§â§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ §³§å§Õ§Ñ§â §Ò§Ú§é§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §çү§â§ï§ï§Ý§ï§ß, §µ§Ý§ã§í§ß §Ò§Ñ§Ô§Ñ §ç§å§â§Ý§í§ß §Ô§Ú§êүү§Õ, §à§â§à§ß §ß§å§ä§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §å§Õ§Ú§â§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§å§å§Õ§í§Ô §Õ§Ñ§Û§é§Ý§Ñ§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §Õ§Ñ§ç§î ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ä§ï§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§å§å§Õ§í§Ô §Òү§â§ä§Ô§ï§Ø, §çү§ß §Ñ§Þ§í§Ô §ß§î §ä§à§à§Ý§Ø, §Ô§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§â §ß§å§ä§Ñ§Ô §ç§å§Ó§Ñ§Ñ§â§Ú§Ý§Ø, §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ô §Ù§Ñ§ç§Ú§â§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í өө§â§é§Ýө§Ý§ä §ç§Ú§Û§Ø, ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç §ß§î §å§ç§Ñ§Þ§ã§Ñ§â §ã§ï§ä§Ô§ï§Ý§Ô§ï§ï§Ô §ß§î §ã§ï§â§Ô§ï§ï§Ø, §Ò§à§Ý§à§Ó§ã§à§ß §çү§é§ß§Ú§Û§Ô §ß§î §Ò§ï§Ý§ä§Ô§ï§Ø, §ç§ï§Ý §ã§à§×§Ý, §ï§Õ§Ú§Û§ß §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ô§Ú§Û§Ô §ß§î §çө§Ô§Øүү§Ý§Ø, §å§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§â §ñ§ã ү§ß§Õ§ã§ï§ï§â §ß§î §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ú§Ý§Ø §á§Ñ§ã§á§à§â§ä§Ø§å§å§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ.
§¹§å§ç§Ñ§Þ §ä§Ú§Û§Þ §é §å§é§Ú§â §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §ç§ï§Þ§ï§ï§ç §ß§ï§â §ß§î §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §å§Ý§ã§Ñ§Õ §Ñ§Ý§Ò§Ñ§ß §×§ã§à§à§â ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ä§ß§Ú§Û §ð§Þ §å§å ¡°§ñ§ã ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã¡±, ¡°ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ¡±, ¡°§ñ§ã §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ¡±-§ß§í §ß§ï§â §Ò§å§ã §Ò§à§Ý§Ø, §ç§Ñ§â§Ú§ß §©§·§µ-§í§ß §ß§ï§Ô§ï§ß §Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ý §äө§â §å§Ý§ã, §à§â§ß§í §ß§ï§â §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §ç§å§Ó§Ú§â§é §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §ç§ï§Þ§ï§ï§ç ¡°ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§Õ¡± §Ò§å§ã §ç§Ñ§â§Ú§ß §·§Ñ§Ý§ç, §¥ө§â§Óө§Õ, §¥§Ñ§â§î§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ô§Ñ, §¥§Ñ§â§ç§Ñ§Õ §ç§ï§Þ§ï§ï§ç ¡°ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§å§å§Õ§Ñ§Õ¡± §ç§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ô§Õ§Ñ§ç §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §äө§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôү§Û §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ §Ñ§Ý§Ò§Ñ§ß §×§ã§à§à§â §·§Ñ§Ý§ç, §¥ө§â§Óө§Õ, §¥§Ñ§â§î§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ô§Ñ, §¥§Ñ§â§ç§Ñ§Õ §ç§ï§Þ§ï§ï§ç §çү§ß, §çү§Þүү§ã §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §Òү§â§ä§Ô§ï§Ô§Õ§ï§ç §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §ª§ß§Ô§ï§ã§ß§ï§ï§â §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §å§Ý§ã §ß§î §·§Ñ§Ý§ç, §¥ө§â§Óө§Õ, §¥§Ñ§â§î§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ô§Ñ, §¥§Ñ§â§ç§Ñ§Õ §Ô§ï§ç §Þ§ï§ä §à§Ý§à§ß §Ñ§â§Õ §äү§Þ§ß§Ú§Û §Ù§ï§â§ï§Ô§è§ï§ß §à§â§ê§Ú§ç §à§Ý§à§ß ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í §©§·§µ-§í§ß §ß§ï§Ô§ï§ß §Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ý §å§Ý§ã §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §ð§Þ. Өө§âөө§â §ç§ï§Ý§Ò§ï§Ý §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §å§Ý§ã§Ñ§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ §Ò§Ú§ê §ç§Ñ§â§Ú§ß §·§Ñ§Ý§ç§å§å§Õ, §¥ө§â§Óө§Õүү§Õ, §¥§Ñ§â§î§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ô§Ñ§é§å§å§Õ, §¥§Ñ§â§ç§Ñ§Õ§å§å§Õ §à§â§ê§Ú§ß §ã§å§å§Õ§Ñ§Ô §Ò§à§Ý§Ø §ç§å§Ó§Ú§â§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ.


§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §á§Ñ§ã§á§à§â§ä, §ä§à§à§Ý§Ý§à§Ô§à §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §ï§Ý§Õ§ï§Ó §Òү§â§ä§Ô§ï§Ý §Õ§ï§ï§â §Ò§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ñ§Ô ¡°§ñ§ã ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã¡±, ¡°ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ¡±, ¡°§ñ§ã §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ¡± §ç§ï§Þ§ï§ï§ç §Ü§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§à§â§Ú §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ô§ï§Õ§ï§Ô §å§ä§Ô§Ñ §Ú§Ý§ï§â§ç§Ú§Û§Ý§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §å§é§Ú§â §¨§Ñ§Þ§ã§â§Ñ§ß§í §¸§ï§Ó§ï§ï§ß §©үү§ß§ä§ßүү§Õ§Ú§Û§ß §Õ§Ñ§Ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ñ§â 1934 §à§ß§Õ §Ò§Ú§é§Ú§Ø §Õ§å§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ß §¥§Ñ§â§ç§Ñ§Õ, §·ө§Ó§ã§Ôө§Ý §ß§å§å§â§í§ß §µ§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§ç§Ñ§Û, §¥ө§â§Óө§Õ, §·§à§ä§à§ß, §¢§Ñ§ñ§Õ, Өө§Ý§Õ, §®§ñ§ß§Ô§Ñ§Õ, §©§Ñ§ç§é§Ú§ß, §´§à§â§Ô§å§å§Õ, §·§à§ê§å§å§Õ, §¸§Ñ§ç§Ñ§â, §¥§Ñ§â§î§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ô§Ñ, §¡§Ý§ä§Ñ§Û§ß §µ§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§ç§Ñ§Û, §·§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ô, §·§Ñ§Þ§ß§Ú§Ô§Ñ§ß §ß§Ñ§â§í§ß §Ô§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ý, ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã §Ò§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ý§í§ß ө§Ôүү§Ý§ï§Ý §ç§ï§Þ§ï§ï§ç §Ù§à§ç§Ú§à§Ý§Õ§à§à §ä§ï§Õ§ß§Ú§Û§Ô ¡°§Ñ§Û§Þ§Ñ§Ô¡± §ç§ï§Þ§ï§ï§ß ¡°§Õ§à§à§ê §ß§î §ç§Ú§Û§ã§ï§ß §äө§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôү§Û¡± §Òү§Ô§Õ§Ú§Û§Ô §ß§î §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ß§Ú§Û§ç §Ô§ï§Ø §°§â§à§ã, §©ө§Ó§Ýө§Ý§ä§Ú§Û§ß §ï§â§Õ§ï§Þ§ä§Õ§Ú§Û§Ô §ãө§âө§ß §Ò§Ñ§ä§Ý§Ñ§ç§í§Ô §à§â§à§Ý§Õ§à§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ø§ï§ï (§¸§ï§Ó§ï§ï§ß 1934). §¹§å§ç§Ñ§Þ §ä§Ú§Û§Þ §é §å§é§Ú§â §¡.§¡§Þ§Ñ§â §Þ§ï§ä§Ú§Û§ß §çү§Þүү§ã 1938 §à§ß §çү§â§ä§ï§Ý ¡°§ñ§ã §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ¡±-§Ô§Ñ§Ñ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §Ô§ï§Ø §Òү§â§ä§Ôүү§Ý§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §ß§î өө§â§Ú§Û§Ôөө §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §Ý §Ô§ï§Ø §à§Û§Ý§Ô§à§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§ß§í§Ô §ß§î §ç§Ñ§â§å§å§Ý§Ñ§ç §äө§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôү§Û, §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ§í§Ô §à§Ý§à§ß ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ä§ï§ß§Õ §ç§å§Ó§Ñ§Ñ§Ø §Ò§å§Û§ä§Ñ§Û §ï§Ó§Ý§ï§â§é §é§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§ç§Ôү§Û §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§ß§í§Ô §ß§î §Ô§ï§â§é§Ú§Ý§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§Ñ§Ñ §ð§Þ. Ү§ß§ï§ß§Õ§ï§ï §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ §·§Ñ§Ý§ç, §¥ө§â§Óө§Õ, §¥§Ñ§â§î§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ô§Ñ, §¥§Ñ§â§ç§Ñ§Õ §ç§ï§Þ§ï§ï§ß §Òү§â§ä§Ôүү§Ý§Õ§ï§Ô §é §¯.§ª§ê§Þ§Ñ§Þ§è§í§ß §ä§ï§Þ§Õ§ï§Ô§Ý§ï§ã§ï§ß§é§Ý§ï§ß §Ñ§Þ§Ñ§ß §ï§ã§Ó§ï§Ý §ç§Ñ§â §ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ өө§â§ã§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôөө §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý (§¢§å§Ý§Ñ§Ô 1998: 102), §ï§ã§Ó§ï§Ý §Õ§à§â §ç§Ñ§ñ§ç§Ñ§Õ ¡°§·§Ñ§Ý§ç¡± §Ô§ï§Ø §Òү§â§ä§Ôүү§Ý§ï§Ô§ã§ï§Õ §ß§î өө§â§ã§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôөө §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §Ý §Ô§ï§Ø §à§Û§Ý§Ô§à§Õ§à§Ô, §Õ§å§å§Õ§Õ§Ñ§Ô §Ò§Ú§Ý§ï§ï.
§¤§ï§ä§ï§Ý §¢.§Á.§£§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Þ§Ú§â§è§à§Ó§í§ß §Õ§ï§Ó§êүү§Ý§ã§ï§ß §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§â §©ө§Ó§Ýө§Ý§äө§Õ §Ò§ï§Ý§ä§Ô§ï§Ô§Õ§ã§ï§ß §¢.§²§Ú§ß§é§Ö§ß (1979), §º.§­§å§Ó§ã§Ñ§ß§Ó§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ§ß (1959) §ä§ï§â§Ôүү§ä§ï§Û §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §ã§å§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§é§Ú§Õ §£§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Þ§Ú§â§è§à§Ó§í§ß ү§Ù§ï§Ý §Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§Þ§ä§Ý§Ñ§Ý§í§Ô §å§Ý§Ñ§Þ §äө§Ôө§Ý§Õө§â§êүү§Ý§Ø §ß§ï§Ô§ï§ß§ä§ï§ï §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Õ 30 §ê§Ñ§ç§Ñ§Þ §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Òү§Ý§ï§Ô, §ç§ï§Õ§ï§ß §Ù§å§å§ß §à§Ó§à§Ô, 304 §Ùү§Û§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §ß§å§ä§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §Ñ§ñ§Ý§Ô§å§å (§¢§à§Ý§Õ 1993: 151) §Ú§Ý§âүү§Ý§ï§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§â§ê§Ú§Ý, §ß§å§ä§Ñ§Ô§ê§Ú§Ý, §ä§Ñ§â§ç§Ñ§è§í§Ô §ß§î §ä§à§Ô§ä§à§à§Ø §ß§Ñ§â§Ú§Û§Ó§é§Ú§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß §Ñ§ä§Ý§Ñ§ã §çү§â§ä§ï§Ý §Ô§Ñ§â§Ô§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ß §äө§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôү§Û, §Ù§Ñ§ß §Ù§Ñ§ß§ê§Ú§Ý, §ç§ï§Ý §ã§à§×§Ý§í§ß§ç §ß§î §ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§Ô §ß§ï§Ô §Òү§â§é§Ý§ï§ß §Òү§â§ä§Ô§ï§Ø, §à§Ý§à§ß §Ò§à§ä§î §ß§à§Þ, §ã§å§â§Ñ§ç §Ò§Ú§é§Ú§Ô, §ß§ï§Ó§ä§ï§â§ç§Ú§Û §ä§à§Ý§î, §Þ§å§Ù§Ö§Û§ß ү§Ù§Þ§ï§â §Ò§ï§Ý§ä§Ô§ï§ã§ï§ß §Ò§à§Ý §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §ã§à§×§Ý §å§â§Ý§Ñ§Ô, §Ò§à§Ý§à§Ó§ã§â§à§Ý§í§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ý§Ñ§Ô§å§å§Õ §ß§î §ä§ï§Õ§Ô§ï§ï§â §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í, §ñ§ã§ä§ß§í §çү§ß §Ñ§Þ§í§Ô §çү§Þүү§Øүү§Ý§ï§ß ү§Û§Ý§Õ§Ó§ï§â§Ý§ï§ç §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ.ix
§¿§ß§Õ§ï§ï§ã §ä§Ñ §Òү§ç§ï§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §å§Ý§ã §äө§â, §Ò§Ú§é§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §Ù§Ñ§â§Ú§Þ §çү§Þүү§ã §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô өө§âөө§â §ç§Ñ§â§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§ß§í§Ô, §äүү§Ô§ï§ï§â §é §Ò§Ñ§â§Ñ§ç§Ôү§Û §à§â§é§Ú§ß §è§Ñ§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §ï§â§Õ§ï§Þ§ä§ï§Õ, §ã§å§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§é§Õ§í§ß §Òү§ä§ï§ï§ã§ï§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §Õү§â §äө§â§ç §ß§î §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ§í§ß §Ñ§Þ§Ñ§ß §ï§ã§Ó§ï§Ý §ç§Ñ§â §ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§ä§Ñ§Û, §Ñ§Þ§î§Õ§â§Ñ§Ý§ä§Ñ§Û §ä§ï§â §Òү§â §ß§Ú§Û§Ý§ï§ç§Ôү§Û §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§Ô §Ñ§ß§Ù§Ñ§Ñ§â§é §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§Ñ§Ñ §Ò§Ñ§Û§ç.
§´§Ú§Û§Þ§ï§ï§ã §à§Õ§à§à §é§å§ç§Ñ§Þ §¡.§¡§Þ§Ñ§â§í§ß §ï§ã§Ó§ï§Ý §¨.§¸§ï§Ó§ï§ï§ß§Ú§Û §ï§ã§Ó§ï§Ý §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ ¡°§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§ß¡± §ï§ã§Ó§ï§Ý ¡°§ç§Ñ§â¡± §ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ§Ñ өө§â§ã§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôөө §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ §Ô§ï§Ø §ß§ï§â§Ý§ï§ç, §Õ§å§å§Õ§Ñ§ç §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §ß§î §ñ§Þ§Ñ§â §å§é§Ú§â§ä§Ñ§Û§Ô §ä§à§Õ§â§å§å§Ý§Ñ§ç§í§Ô §à§â§à§Ý§Õ§à§×. 1930-§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §à§ß§à§à§ã ө§Þ§ßө §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ §ï§ã§Ó§ï§Ý §Õ§à§â §ç§Ñ§ñ§ç§Ñ§Õ ү§Ù§ï§Ý §Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§Þ§ä§Ý§Ñ§Ý §ß§î §ã§å§â§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ø§Ú§Õ §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ô§Õ§Ñ§ß ү§Ý§Õ§ã§ï§ß §ä§ï§â §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô 1930-§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §à§ß§à§à§ã §ç§à§Û§ê§ç§Ú §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§ã өө§âөө§â §Ô§ï§ç§Õ§ï§ï §¡§Þ§Ñ§â§í§ß§ç§ä§Ñ§Û, §¸§ï§Ó§ï§ï§ß§Ú§Û§ç§ä§ï§Û §ï§ã§Ó§ï§Ý §Ñ§Þ§Ñ§ß §Ò§å§ð§å §ç§Ñ§â §ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§í§ç§ä§Ñ§Û §äө§ã§ä§ï§Û§Ôөө§â §à§Û§Ý§Ô§à§Õ§à§Ô §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§ß§í§Ô §ã§å§Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ñ §Þ§Ñ§Ñ§ß§î §ç§Ñ§â§å§å§Ý§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §¯§ï§Ô§ï§ß§ä §ç§ï§â§ï§Ô§Ý§ï§Ø §Ò§å§Û 1930-§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §à§ß§à§à§ã ө§Þ§ßө§ç, §äүү§ß§Ú§Û §Õ§à§ä§à§â §ñ§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ô§å§ñ§Ñ 1900-§à§à§Õ §à§ß§à§à§ã ө§Þ§ßө§ç §ã§å§â§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ø§å§å§Õ §Þ§Ñ§Ñ§ß§î §Ú§ç§ï§Ó§é§Ý§ï§ß §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í §ß§à§×§Õ §ä§Ñ§Û§Ø §ß§Ñ§â §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §ä§ï§Õ§ß§Ú§Û §ç§Ñ§Þ§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ß §Ý§Ñ§Þ, §ç§å§ä§Ñ§Ô§ä§å§å§Õ§í§ß §Ò§Ú§Û§â§Ú§Û§ß ү§Ùүү§â§ï§ï§â §Òү§ä§ï§ï§Ô§Õ§ã§ï§ß §å§é§Ú§â §Ò§Ú §ä§ï§â §ã§å§â§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ø§å§å§Õ§í§ß §Ú§Ý§ï§â§ç§Ú§Û§Ý§Ø §Ò§å§Û ү§Ù§ï§Ý §ã§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ñ§Ô §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß§í §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ (Chinggisid paradigm of Mongolia) §Ô§ï§Ø §ß§ï§â§Ý§ï§Ó.

§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô ү§Ù§ï§ç §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß§í §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ
§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô ү§Ù§ï§ç §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß§í ү§Ù§ï§Ý §ß§î §ä§ï§Õ§ß§Ú§Û §ï§Ù§ï§ß §ï§â§ç §Õ§ï§ï§â §ã§å§å§â§Ú§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §Òү§ç§ï§Ý§Õ §ß§î §ä§ï§Ó§ï§â§ã§ï§ß ү§Ù§ï§Ý §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ó. Өө§âөө§â §ç§ï§Ý§Ò§ï§Ý §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß (§ê§å§å§Õ §Ò§Ñ §ê§å§å§Õ §Ò§å§ã) §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß§í §ï§â§ç §Ò§Ñ§â§î§Ø §Ú§â§ã§ï§ß §ä§ï§â §à§â§à§ß §Ù§Ñ§Û §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß§í §ç§å§Ó§î§Õ §ä§å§ã§Õ§Ñ§Ñ §Ò§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ñ§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ß ¡°§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §å§Ý§ã¡±, ¡°§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §à§â§à§ß¡±, ¡°§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §ß§å§ä§Ñ§Ô¡±, ¡°§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §à§Ó§à§Ô§ä§à§ß¡± §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ó (§­.§®ө§ß§ç-§¿§â§Õ§ï§ß§ï 2006). §´§Ú§Û§Þ§ï§ï§ã §é §ä§ï§Õ§ß§Ú§Û §ß§ï§Ô §£.§ª§ß§Ø§Ñ§ß§ß§Ñ§ê§Ú ¡°§¸§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ß §ç§ï§â§Þ§Ú§Û§ß §Ô§Ñ§Õ§ß§Ñ §Òү§çү§Û §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §ç§ï§Þ§ï§ï§Ô§é §Þ§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Û §ï§ß§ï §Ò§Ú§Ö§Ú§Û§ß §ß§ï§Ô§ï§ß §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §à§â§ê§ã§à§ß §ç§à§Û§Õ §Ò§Ú§Ö §°§â§à§ã §å§Ý§ã§Ñ§Õ §Ù§Ñ§ç §ß§Ú§Û§Ý§Ø, §Ùүү§ß §ï§ä§Ô§ï§ï§Õ §·§Ñ§â§Þө§âө§ß, §Ò§Ñ§â§å§å§ß §ç§ñ§Ù§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §·ө§ç§ß§å§å§â, үү§ß§Ú§Û §Õ§à§ä§à§â §Òү§çү§Û ө§Óө§â §Ù§å§â§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ß §é§å§å§Ý§Ô§Ñ§ß, §Ñ§â §Õө§â§Óө§ß §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ñ§Ô §·§Ñ§Ý§ç, §·ө§ç§ß§å§å§â, §¸§Ñ§ç§Ñ§â, §¢§Ñ§â§Ô§Ñ, Өө§Ý§Õ, §¥ө§â§Óө§Õ, §ª§Ý, §·§à§Ó§Õ §ç§ï§Þ§ï§ï§ß §ä§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß §Þ§ñ§ß§Ô§Ñ§ß §Ô§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§â, §å§â§ä §äү§Þ§ï§ß §Ô§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§â §ê§Ñ§ç§Ñ§Þ §Ú§Û§Þ §Ú§ç §Ô§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§â¡± §Ô§ï§Ø §Ò§Ú§é§Ú§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ø§ï§ï (§ª§ß§Ø§Ñ§ß§ß§Ñ§ê§Ú 2006: 58, 57, 45).x §´§Ú§Û§Þ§ï§ï§ã §¬§â§Ú§ã§ä§à§æ§Ö§â §¿§ä§Ó§å§Õ§í§ß (1994) §ç§ï§Ý§ã§ß§ï§ï§â §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß§í §ç§å§Ó§î§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý ¡°ү§â§Ô§ï§Ý§Ø§Ú§Õ §ä§å§ã§Õ§Ñ§Ñ §å§Ý§ã §à§â§à§ß¡± §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §Òө§Ôөө§Õ §ç§ï§Ù§ï§ï §ß§ï§Ô§ï§ß §è§Ñ§Ô§ä §¥§Ñ§Û§é§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ã §ã§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ß §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ§Ø §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â ¡°§äө§â §å§Ý§ã §Ò§à§Ý§à§ç §ß§î §Ùү§Û §×§ã§ß§í¡± §ç§ï§â§ï§Ô §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §ð§Þ.


Ү§ß§ï§ß§Õ§ï§ï §ä§ï§Õ§ß§Ú§Û §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô ү§Ù§ï§ç ү§Ù§ï§Ý §ß§î §¥§Ñ§Û§é§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß ө§Þ§ßө§ç ү§Ö§Ú§Û§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §å§Ý§ã §äө§â, §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ô §Ù§Ñ§ç§Ú§â§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ý§í§ß §å§Ý§Ò§Ñ§Ñ§Ô §ç§Ñ§Õ§Ô§Ñ§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß §é, §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §¥§Ñ§Û§é§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §çү§â§ï§ï§ß§Õ §ç§ï§â§ç§ï§ß §å§Ý§ã §äө§â §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ô §Ù§Ñ§ç§Ú§â§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í §ç§å§Ó§î§Õ §ç§ï§â§ç§ï§ß §Ù§à§ç§Ú§à§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Õ§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§ß§í§Ô §Ôү§ß §Ôү§ß§Ù§Ô§Ú§Û §ê§Ú§ß§Ô§ï§ï§ã§ï§ß ү§Ù§ï§Ý §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ó.xi §¿§ß§ï §å§ä§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ñ §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß§í §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô ү§Ù§ï§ç ү§Ù§ï§Ý §ß§î §¥§Ñ§Û§é§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §çү§â§ï§ï§ß§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §ï§Ù§Ý§ï§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§â §ã§å§å§â§î, §å§Ý§ã §äө§â §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ô §Ù§Ñ§ç§Ú§â§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ñ§Ý §Õ§ï§ï§â §ã§å§å§â§Ú§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §ßү§Õ§ï§ï§â (seeing like a state) §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô ү§Ù§ï§ç §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ó.xii


§¤§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §Ô§ï§ã§ï§ß §ß§ï§â§Ú§Û§ß §Õ§à§â §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §¥§Ñ§Û§é§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §Ò§å§ã§Ñ§Õ §ç§ï§ã§Ô§ï§ï§ã §ä§å§ã§Õ§Ñ§Ñ §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ô §Ù§Ñ§ç§Ú§â§Ô§Ñ§Ñ, §Ô§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§â §ß§å§ä§Ñ§Ô, §ç§Ú§Ý §ç§ñ§Ù§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â, §ç§å§å§Ý§î §è§Ñ§Ñ§Ù, §çү§ß §Ñ§Þ§ä§Ñ§Û §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §å§é§Ú§â §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô ¡°§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §å§Ý§ã¡±, ¡°§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §à§â§à§ß¡±, ¡°§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §ß§å§ä§Ñ§Ô¡±, ¡°§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §à§Ó§à§Ô§ä§à§ß¡± §Ô§ï§Ø §ç§Ñ§â§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §ð§Þ. Ү§ß§ï§ß§Õ§ï§ï §¥§Ñ§Û§é§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §Õ§à§â §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §à§Ý§à§ß §ç§Ñ§ß§Ý§Ú§Ô §å§Ý§ã§å§å§Õ §ß§ï§Ô§ï§ß §Õ§ï§ï§Ó§ï§â §Õ§à§â §ß§ï§Ô§Õ§ï§Ø, §å§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§â §¥§Ñ§Û§é§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §ñ§Ó§å§å§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§à§Õ§Ý§à§Ô§í§ß §å§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§ã §ä§ï§Õ§Ô§ï§ï§â §ç§Ñ§ß§Ý§Ú§Ô§å§å§Õ§í§ß §å§Ý§ã §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§â §ã§å§å§â§î §Òү§Õ§Ô§ï§â§é§ï§ï. §´§Ú§Û§Þ§ï§ï§ã §é 19-§â §Ù§å§å§ß§í §ãүү§Ý ү§Ö §Ò§à§Ý§à§ç§à§Õ §·§Ñ§Ý§ç, §·ө§ç§ß§å§å§â, §ï§ã§Ó§ï§Ý Өө§Ý§Õ, §ª§Ý, §ï§ã§Ó§ï§Ý §¥ө§â§Óө§Õ §·§à§Ó§Õ §ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§â§Ñ§ç§Ôү§Û §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §å§é§Ú§â ¡°§·§Ñ§Ý§ç, §·ө§ç§ß§å§å§â, §¸§Ñ§ç§Ñ§â, §¢§Ñ§â§Ô§Ñ, Өө§Ý§Õ, §¥ө§â§Óө§Õ, §ª§Ý, §·§à§Ó§Õ¡± §Ô§ï§Ø §ß§ï§Ô§ï§ß §Õ§à§â §Ò§Ú§é§Ú§Ô§Õ§ï§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §ç§ï§â§ï§Ô §ð§Þ. Өө§âөө§â §ç§ï§Ý§Ò§ï§Ý §é§å§ç§Ñ§Þ §å§Ý§ã §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §Ñ§é §ç§à§Ý§Ò§à§Ô§Õ§à§Ý §ß§î §Ñ§Ý§Õ§Ñ§Ô§Õ§ã§Ñ§ß §å§é§Ú§â §·§Ñ§Ý§ç, §¸§Ñ§ç§Ñ§â §Ô§ï§ç §Þ§ï§ä §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §çү§é§Ú§â§ç§ï§Ô §ç§Ñ§ß§Ý§Ú§Ô§å§å§Õ §ª§Ý, §·§à§Ó§Õ, §·ө§ç§ß§å§å§â §Ù§ï§â§ï§Ô §¥§Ñ§Û§é§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß ү§Ö§Ú§Û§ß §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ô §Ù§Ñ§ç§Ú§â§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í §ç§ï§ã§Ôүү§Õ§ä§ï§Û §ß§ï§Ô§ï§ß §Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ý ү§Ù§ï§Ô§Õ§ï§ç §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ.


Ү§ß§ï§ß§Õ§ï§ï §ä§ï§Õ§Ô§ï§ï§â§Ú§Û§Ô §Òү§Ô§Õ§Ú§Û§Ô §ß§î §ä§å§ã §Òү§â§Õ §ß§î ¡°§Ñ§Û§Þ§Ñ§Ô¡± §Ô§ï§Ø §ß§ï§â§Ý§ï§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §Òө§Ôөө§Õ §ç§Ñ§â§Ú§ß ¡°§Ñ§Û§Þ§Ñ§Ô¡± §ß§î §ä§å§ç§Ñ§Û§ß ү§Ö§Õ §ç§à§Ø§Ú§Þ §ß§Ú§Û§Ô§Þ§Ú§Û§ß §ç§å§Ó§î§ã§Ý§í§ß §à§ß§à§Ý§í§ß §Ò§Ú§Û §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§ã§à§ß §ß§Ú§Û§ä§Ý§ï§Ô §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ §Ô§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ý, §å§â§Ñ§Ô §äө§â§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §Ù§à§ç§Ú§à§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ñ§Ý§ä §Òү§ç§Ú§Û §äө§â §å§Ý§ã§í§ß ө§Þ§ßө§ç ү§Ö§Ú§Û§ß §ß§Ú§Û§Ô§Þ§Ú§Û§ß §çө§Ô§Ø§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §ê§Ñ§ä§ß§í §çү§Þүү§ã§Ú§Û§ß §ß§Ú§Û§ä§Ý§ï§Ô §Ò§å§ã §ç§Ñ§â§Ú§ß §ß§ï§Ô§ï§ß §äө§â §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §Õ§à§ä§à§â §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §Õ§à§â §à§â§ê§Ú§ç §Õ§ï§Õ §ç§ï§ã§Ôүү§Õ§Ú§Û§Ô §ß§ï§â§Ý§ï§Õ§ï§Ô §ß§ï§â §ä§à§Þ§î§×§à §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §ð§Þ. Ү§ß§ï§ß§Õ§ï§ï ¡°§Ñ§Û§Þ§Ñ§Ô¡± §Ô§ï§Õ§ï§Ô §ß§ï§â §ä§à§Þ§î§×§à 17-§â §Ù§å§å§ß§í §ç§à§×§â §Õ§å§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ç§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§ã §çү§â§ä§ï§Ý §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §ß§ï§â§Ý§ï§Ô§Õ§ã§ï§ß §ç§ï§ã§Ôүү§Õ§Ú§Û§Ô §ß§ï§â§Ý§ï§Õ§ï§Ô §ß§ï§â §ä§à§Þ§î§×§à §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§Ôү§Û §Òө§Ôөө§Õ §é§å§ç§Ñ§Þ 1636 §à§ß§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §ß§à§×§Õ §®§Ñ§ß§Ø§Ú§Û§ß §ï§â§ç §Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§Ô§é§Ú§Û§Ô §ç§Ñ§Ñ§ß§Õ ө§â§Ôө§Þ§Ø§Ú§Ý§Ø §¥§Ñ§Û§é§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§Ô §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§ã§ß§Ñ§Ñ§â §ä§ï§Õ§ß§Ú§Û §ï§Ù§ï§Þ§ê§Ýүү§Õ§Ú§Û§Ô ¡°§Ñ§Û§Þ§Ñ§Ô¡± §Ô§ï§Ø §ß§ï§â§Ý§ï§ç §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §ð§Þ (§¿§ä§Ó§å§Õ 2010, §®ө§ß§ç-§¿§â§Õ§ï§ß§ï 2010, 2011). §¥§Ñ§Û§é§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §ñ§Ó§å§å§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§à§Õ§Ý§à§Ô§í§ß §å§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§ã §ç§à§ê§å§å, §é§å§å§Ý§Ô§Ñ§ß §Ú§Ýүү §Ú§ç §Ñ§é §ç§à§Ý§Ò§à§Ô§Õ§à§Ý§ä§à§Û §Ò§à§Ý§Ø §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ô§å§å§Õ §Òү§Õ§Ô§ï§â§é, §ß§ï§â§ã §ß§î §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §Ô§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§â §ß§å§ä§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §ç§ï§ã§Ô§Ú§Û§Ô §ß§ï§â§Ý§ï§Õ§ï§Ô §ß§ï§â §ä§à§Þ§î§×§à §ê§Ñ§ç§å§å §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ó.


§µ§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§â §¥§Ñ§Û§é§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §çү§â§ï§ï§ß§Õ §¤§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §çү§ß §Ñ§Þ§í§Ô §Òү§ç§ï§Ý§Õ §ß§î §ß§ï§Ô§ï§ß §Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§â §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ §Ô§ï§Ø §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ú§Ý§Ø, §ß§ï§â§Ý§ï§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §å§é§Ú§â §¥§Ñ§Û§é§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §çү§â§ï§ï§ß§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §ß§ï§Ô§Õ§ï§Ý, §ß§Ú§Û§ä§Ý§ï§Ô §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §Ú§Ø§Ú§Ý§ã§ï§Ý §ã§ï§â§Ô§ï§ã§ï§ß §ð§Þ. §¹§å§ç§Ñ§Þ §ï§Ý §å§é§Ú§â §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß§í §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §à§Ó§à§Ô§ä§à§ß §ß§î §Òү§ç §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ§í§Ô §ç§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§â§é §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §ð§Þ. §´§Ú§Û§Þ§ï§ï§ã §é 19-§â §Ù§å§å§ß§í §¢§à§â§Ø§Ú§Ô§Ú§ß §ä§Ñ§Û§Ø §¤§à§ß§é§Ú§Ô§Ø§Ñ§Ó (2006: 60, 82-83) §´§à§â§Ô§å§å§Õ, Өө§Ý§Õ, §·§à§Û§Õ, §¥ө§â§Óө§Õ§Ú§Û§ß §ß§à§×§Õ§í§Ô §¥§à§Ò§å §ã§à§ç§à§â§í§ß §Õө§â§Óө§ß §çүү§Ô§Ú§Û§ß ү§â§ã §¢§à§â§Ø§Ú§Ô§Ú§ß §à§Ó§à§Ô§ä§ß§å§å§Õ §Ô§ï§Ø §Ò§Ú§é§Ú§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§à§Ý §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ä§à§Ô§ä§ß§à§Ý§Õ §à§â§à§Ý§è§ã§à§ß §ñ§Ù§Ô§å§å§â§ä§ß§å§å§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ§í§Ô ¡°§ñ§Ù§Ô§å§å§â§í§ß §ß§ï§Ô§ï§ß ө§Óө§Ô §à§Ó§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ¡±, ¡°§ñ§Ù§Ô§å§å§â§Ñ§Ñ§ã §ß§ï§Ô§ï§ß §à§Ó§à§Ô §äө§âө§Ý¡±, ¡°§ñ§Ù§Ô§å§å§â§Ñ§Ñ§ã §ß§ï§Ô§ï§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í §ñ§ã §Þ§Ñ§ç§ß§í §äө§âө§Ý¡±, ¡°§å§Ô §ñ§Ù§Ô§å§å§â ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã §ß§ï§Ô §Òө§Ôөө§Õ §Ñ§ê§Ú§Ô §Ù§à§Ó§Ý§à§ß §ç§Ñ§Þ§ä¡±, ¡°§ñ§Ù§Ô§å§å§â§Ñ§Ñ§ã §ß§ï§Ô§ï§ß ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ß§Ú§Û §ä§å§Ý §Ùү§Û §ß§î §Ø§Ñ§â§Ô§Ñ§Ó§é, §Ù§à§Ó§à§Ó§é §äө§âө§Ó§é ү§ç§ï§Ó§é §ç§Ñ§Þ§ä §Ò§à§Ý§Ò§Ñ§Ñ§ã §Ù§à§ç§Ú§ß§à¡± §Ô§ï§Ø ү§Ù§ï§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §Ñ§Ø§ï§ï.


§¹§å§ç§Ñ§Þ §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §Ú§ß§Ô§ï§Ø ү§Ù§ï§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §å§é§Ú§â §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §äө§â §å§Ý§ã §Òү§ç §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ§í§ß§ç §Ò§Ñ§Û§ç §×§ã§ä§à§Û §Ô§ï§Ø ү§Ù§ï§Ø §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ§í§ß §ï§â§ç §Þ§ï§Õ§ï§Ý§Õ ү§Ý§Õ§ã§ï§ß Ө§Óө§â §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý, §ç§Ñ§Ñ§ß§ä §°§â§à§ã§í§ß §Ò§å§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§ß §Ñ§Ó§ã§Ñ§ß §´§Ñ§Ô§ß§í§ß §µ§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§ç§Ñ§Û§Ô §ï§Ôүү§Ý§ï§ß §Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ç §Ò§Ñ§Û§â §ã§å§å§â§Ú§Û§Ô §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §ï§â§ç §Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§Ô§é§Ú§Õ §ä§å§Û§Ý§Ò§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ§Û §Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§Þ§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ø§ï§ï. §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô ү§Ù§ï§ç §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß§í ү§Ù§ï§Ý §Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§Þ§ä§Ý§Ñ§Ý §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Õ §ß§à§×§Ý§à§ç §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §ð§Þ §Ò§à§Ý §£§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Þ§Ú§â§è§à§Ó§í§ß, §©үү§ß§ä§ßүү§Õ§Ú§Û§ß §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ §ç§Ñ§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ñ§ã §Ô§Ñ§â§é §Ú§â§ã§ï§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ø §ä§Ñ§Ñ§â§Ñ§ç §Ó§ï?

§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô ү§Ù§ï§ç §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Ùү§Û§ß §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ
§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô ү§Ù§ï§ç §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß§í §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ§Ú§Û§ß §ç§Ñ§Ø§å§å§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô ү§Ù§ï§ç өө§â §ß§ï§Ô §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ §Ò§Ú§Û §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §ß§î §°§â§à§ã, §¦§Ó§â§à§á §Õ§Ñ§ç§Ú§ß§í §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §ã§å§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ý, §äүү§ß§Ú§Û §Õ§à§ä§à§â §ñ§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ô§å§ñ§Ñ 19-§â §Ù§å§å§ß§í §°§â§à§ã§í§ß §Ô§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§â §Ùү§Û§ß §ß§Ú§Û§Ô§ï§Þ§Ý§ï§Ô§ï§ï§ã §Ú§Ý§Ô§ï§ï§ã§ï§ß §å§Õ§Ñ§Ñ §Õ§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ñ§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §ê§Ú§ß§Ø§ï§ï§é§Õ§Ú§Û§ß §Ò§Ú§Û §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§ã§à§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §ä§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§â§ç §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Ùү§Û§ß §Þ§ï§Õ§Ý§ï§Ô §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §ð§Þ.


§°§â§à§ã §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §¦§Ó§â§à§á§ä §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §ã§å§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ý §·§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ô, §¢§å§â§Ú§Ñ§Õ§í§Ô §ã§å§Õ§Ý§Ñ§ç §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§â §ï§ç§ï§Ý§ã§ï§ß §Òө§Ôөө§Õ §å§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§â §·§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ô, §¢§å§â§Ú§Ñ§Õ§í§ß §ä§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§â§ç §Þ§ï§Õ§Ý§ï§Ô§ï§ï§â §äө§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôү§Û §·§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ô, §¢§å§â§Ú§Ñ§Õ§å§å§Õ§í§ß, §ñ§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ô§å§ñ§Ñ §¢§Ñ§Û§Ô§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §é§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§ç§î §¢§å§â§Ú§Ñ§Õ §Ü§à§Ù§Ñ§Ü§å§å§Õ (Cossacks) §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §¢§å§â§Ú§Ñ§Õ§í§ß §Ù§Ñ§Ý§å§å §ã§ï§ç§ï§ï§ä§ßүү§Õ§Ú§Û§ß §ä§å§ã§Ý§Ñ§Þ§Ø§ä§Ñ§Û§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §ã§å§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ø, §ß§ï§ï§Ø §ï§ç§ï§Ý§ã§ï§ß §Ñ§Ø§ï§ï. §´§Ú§Û§Þ§ï§ï§ã §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §ã§å§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ý §ï§ç§ß§ï§ï§ã§ï§ï §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §Ù§Ñ§ç §ç§ñ§Ù§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â, §ã§Ñ§Ý§Ò§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ñ§ã §ß§î §äө§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôү§Û, §Ù§Ñ§ç §ç§ñ§Ù§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ã§Ñ§Ý§Ò§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ñ§ã §ç§Ñ§â§ã§Ñ§ß §ßү§Õ§ï§ï§â §çө§ä§Ýө§Ô§Õө§Ø §ï§ç§ï§Ý§ã§ï§ß §ð§Þ. §¤§ï§ä§ï§Ý §¦§Ó§â§à§á §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §³§Ú§Ò§Ú§â§Ú§Û§ß ө§Þ§ßө§Õ §ç§ï§ã§ï§Ô§ä §Ò§Ú§Ö §Ò§Ú§Ö§ß§ï§ï§ã§ï§ï §Ñ§Ý§ã§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Õ§Ñ§ß §à§â§ê§Ú§ç§í§ß §Õ§ï§ï§â, §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§à§à§ã §å§Ý§ã §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §ç§Ú§Ý §ç§ñ§Ù§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â, §ß§å§ä§Ñ§Ô §Õ§ï§Ó§ã§Ô§ï§â§Ú§Û§ß §ç§å§Ó§î§Õ §Ñ§Ý§ã§Ý§Ñ§ß §ä§Ñ§ã§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Õ§ã§Ñ§ß §ç§Ñ§Ñ§ß§ä §°§â§à§ã§í§ß §ç§Ñ§â§î§ñ§Ñ§ä §·§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ô, §¢§å§â§Ú§Ñ§Õ§í§Ô §°§â§à§ã, §¦§Ó§â§à§á§í§ß §ï§â§Õ§ï§Þ§ä§ï§Õ §ã§å§Õ§Ý§Ñ§ß §ß§ï§ï§ç §ñ§Ó§è§Õ§Ñ§Ñ §ä§ï§Õ§ß§Ú§Û§Ô §ç§à§à§â§à§ß§Õ§à§à ¡°§Ñ§â§î§ã§ä§ß§í¡± §Ò§å§ð§å ¡°§å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ §Ô§Ñ§â§Ó§Ñ§Ý¡±, §ç§ï§Ý, §ã§à§×§Ý§í§ß §ç§å§Ó§î§Õ §ç§à§Ý§Ò§à§à§ä§à§Û, §Ú§Ø§Ú§Ý §äө§ã§ä§ï§Û §Ò§à§Ý§à§ç§í§Ô §äө§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôү§Û §å§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§â §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ§ä§Ñ§Û §ç§à§Ý§Ò§à§à§ä§à§Û, §ä§ï§Õ§ß§Ú§Û §ç§ï§ã§ï§Ô §Ò§à§Ý§à§ç§í§Ô §ß§î §ß§ï§ï§ã§ï§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §°§â§à§ã§í§ß §ç§Ñ§â§î§ñ§Ñ§ä, §çү§ß §Ñ§Þ §èөө§ä§ï§Û §·§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ô, §¢§å§â§Ú§Ñ§Õ§í§Ô §°§â§à§ã, §¦§Ó§â§à§á§í§ß §ï§â§Õ§ï§Þ§ä§ï§Õ §ê§å§å§Õ §Ý §à§Ó§à§Ô §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ñ§Ý§ä§Ñ§Û §Ô§ï§Ø ү§Ù§ã§ï§ß §äө§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôү§Û §ä§ï§Õ§ß§Ú§Û§Ô §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §à§Ó§à§Ô §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ñ§Ô §Ô§ï§Ø ү§Ù§ï§Ø, §Ú§ß§Ô§ï§ã§ß§ï§ï§â§ï§ï §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §·§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ô, §¢§å§â§Ú§Ñ§Õ §ê§Ú§Ô §à§Ó§à§Ô §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ô§å§å§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§ã §Òү§â§ï§Ý§Õ§Õ§ï§Ô §Ô§ï§Ø §à§Û§Ý§Ô§à§ç §Ò§à§Ý§Ø§ï§ï.
Ү§ß§ï§ß§Õ§ï§ï §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §äө§â §å§Ý§ã §Ò§å§ã §ç§Ñ§â§Ú§ß §¥§Ñ§Û§é§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §Ù§Ñ§ç§Ú§â§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ß§Õ §à§â§ê§Ú§ç §ä§Ñ§â§ç§Ñ§Û §Ò§å§ä§Ñ§â§ç§Ñ§Û §à§Ý§à§ß §ß§à§×§Õ §ä§Ñ§Û§Ø §ß§Ñ§â§í§ß §ï§Ù§ï§Þ§ê§Ýүү§Õ§ï§ï§ã §Òү§â§ï§Ý§Õ§ï§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §ß§î ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ä§ï§ß-§å§Ý§ã§í§ß §ï§â§Ú§ß ү§Ö§Ú§Û§ß §äө§Ó§Ýө§â§ãө§ß §å§Ý§ã§å§å§Õ§Ñ§Õ §Ò§à§Ý§à§Ó§ã§à§â§é, §ß§Ú§Û§Ô§Þ§Ú§Û§ß §ç§å§Ó§î§ã§Ñ§Ý§í§ß §à§ß§à§Ý, §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Ùү§Û§ß §Þ§ï§Õ§Ý§ï§Ô§ï§ï§â §Ù§ï§Ó§ã§ï§Ô§Ý§ï§ã§ï§ß §°§â§à§ã, §¦§Ó§â§à§á§í§ß §ï§â§Õ§ï§Þ§ä§Õ§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô §à§Û§Ý§Ô§à§Ý§ä§í§Ô §å§Ý§Ñ§Þ §Ò§ï§ç§Øүү§Ý§Ø ө§Ô§ãө§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §¹§å§ç§Ñ§Þ§Õ§Ñ§Ñ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §äө§â §å§Ý§ã §Ò§Ú§ê §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §å§é§Ú§â §å§Ý§ã §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §Ü§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§à§â§Ú §Ò§Ú§ê §ç§Ñ§â§Ú§ß ¡°§Ñ§â§î§ã§ä§ß§í¡± §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í, §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Ùү§Û§ß, §ã§à§×§Ý§í§ß §Ü§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§à§â§Ú §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ý§Ñ§Ñ. §¹§å§ç§Ñ§Þ §ï§Ý §å§é§Ú§â §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §å§Ý§ã §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §ç§Ú§Ý §ç§ñ§Ù§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ñ§â §Ò§å§ã §ç§Ñ§â§Ú§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Ùү§Û§ß §ç§Ú§Ý §ç§ñ§Ù§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ñ§â өө§âөө§â §ç§ï§Ý§Ò§ï§Ý ¡°§Ñ§â§î§ã§ä§ß§í¡± (§å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í), §ç§ï§Ý, §ã§à§×§Ý §Ù§Ñ§ß §Ù§Ñ§ß§ê§Ý§í§ß §ç§Ú§Ý §ç§ñ§Ù§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ñ§â §ä§à§Õ§à§â§ç§à§Û§Ý§à§ß §ã§å§Õ§Ý§Ñ§ç §Ò§à§Ý§Ø§ï§ï. §´§Ú§Û§Þ§ï§ï§ã §·§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ô, §¢§å§â§Ú§Ñ§Õ §ß§Ñ§â §ß§î §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í (§ï§ä§ß§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ) §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §Òү§â§ï§Ý§Õ§ï§çүү§ß §ç§ï§ã§ï§Ô §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ó. §¹§å§ç§Ñ§Þ §ï§ß§Õ§ï§ï§ã §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Ùү§Û§ß §Ò§å§ð§å §ï§â§Õ§ï§Þ §ê§Ú§ß§Ø§Ú§Ý§Ô§ï§ï§ß§Ú§Û §±§Ñ§ß-§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Ú§Ù§Þ (Academic Pan-Mongolism) үү§ã§ã§ï§ß §Òө§Ôөө§Õ §ï§ß§ï §ß§î §ç§à§Ø§Ú§Þ §å§Ý§ã §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §±§Ñ§ß-§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Ú§Ù§Þ§í§ß (Political Pan-Mongolism) §ã§å§å§â§î §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ.


§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô ү§Ù§ï§ç §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Ùү§Û§ß §Ò§å§ð§å §ï§â§Õ§ï§Þ §ê§Ú§ß§Ø§Ú§Ý§Ô§ï§ï§ß§Ú§Û §±§Ñ§ß-§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Ú§Ù§Þ §ß§î ү§ß§ï§ß§Õ§ï§ï §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ß§í §ã§å§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ý§í§ß §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ (ethnological paradigm) §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ý§Ñ§Ñ. §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý ¡°§Ñ§â§î§ã§ä§ß§í¡±, ¡°§å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í¡±, ¡°§ã§à§×§Ý§í§ß¡± §Ü§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§à§â§Ú өө§âөө§â §ç§ï§Ý§Ò§ï§Ý §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §äүү§ç§Ú§Û§ß §Òү§ä§ï§ï§Ô§Õ§ï§çүү§ß §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §äө§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôү§Û §ß§Ú§Û§Ô§Þ§Ú§Û§ß §ç§å§Ó§î§ã§Ý§í§ß §à§ß§à§Ý§í§ß §Õ§Ñ§Ô§å§å ¡°§å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ß-§Ñ§â§Õ §äү§Þ§ß§Ú§Û¡± §çө§Ô§Ø§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §äө§â §å§Ý§ã§í§ß ө§Þ§ßө§ç §ê§Ñ§ä §â§å§å §ç§å§Ó§Ñ§Ñ§â§Ú§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Õ§Ñ§Ø, §à§Ó§à§Ô §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §Ù§à§ç§Ú§à§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ñ§Ý§ä§ä§Ñ§Û §Ò§à§Ý§Ø§ï§ï. §¹§å§ç§Ñ§Þ §ß§Ú§Û§Ô§Þ§Ú§Û§ß §çө§Ô§Ø§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §à§Ó§à§Ô §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §ê§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ß§Õ §à§â§ê§Ú§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §å§é§Ú§â §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ §Ô§Ñ§â§Ý§í§ß §ç§ï§Ý§ç§ï§ï §ç§à§Ý§Ò§à§à§ä§à§Û §Òү§Ý§ï§Ô §èө§Ý §à§Ó§à§Ô §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §à§Ý§à§ß§Ý§à§Ô§à§à§ã §Òү§â§ï§Ý§Õ§ï§ç §Ò§à§Ý§Ø, §Ú§ß§Ô§ï§ã§ß§ï§ï§â §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ §Ô§Ñ§â§Ý§í§ß §ç§à§Ý§Ò§à§à§ä§à§Û §Òү§Ý§Ôүү§Õ§Ú§Û§ß §à§Ý§à§ß§Ý§à§Ô §Ò§à§Ý§Ø §ç§å§Ó§Ú§â§é§ï§ï. §ª§Û§ß§çүү §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Ùү§Û§ß §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ §ß§î §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Ùү§Û§ß §Ü§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§à§â§Ú §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§Ø §·§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ô, §¢§å§â§Ú§Ñ§Õ§í§Ô §ß§ï§Þ§ã§ï§ß §äө§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôү§Û, §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô өө§â§Ú§Û§Ô §ß§î §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ, §ã§à§×§Ý§í§ß §à§Ý§à§ß§Ý§à§Ô §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§Ø §ç§å§Ó§Ú§â§Ô§Ñ§Ø§ï§ï. §´§Ú§Û§Þ§ï§ï§ã §ï§ß§ï §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ §ß§î ү§ß§ï§ç§ï§ï§â §±§Ñ§ß-§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §äө§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôү§Û §Ò§Ñ§ã §°§Ý§à§ß-§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Ø§å§å§Ô§Ú§Û§ß (Multiple-Mongolic) §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ý§Ñ§Ñ.


§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô ү§Ù§ï§ç §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß§í §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §å§Ý§ã §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §Ü§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§à§â§Ú §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §Òө§Ôөө§Õ §å§Ý§ã §äө§â, §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ô §Ù§Ñ§ç§Ú§â§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í §ß§ï§Ô§Ø §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ñ§Ô, §é§å§å§Ý§Ô§Ñ§ß, §ç§à§ê§å§å§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§ã §Òү§â§ï§Ý§Õ§ï§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§à§Ý §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô ү§Ù§ï§ç §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Ùү§Û§ß §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ§Õ (ethnographic paradigm of Mongolia) §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Ùү§Û§ß §Ü§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§à§â§Ú §äө§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôү§Û §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ß §ã§å§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ý§í§ß §Ü§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§à§â§Ú §Ò§à§Ý§Ø ¡°§å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í¡± §ß§ï§Ô§Øүү§Õ §Ò§à§Ý§à§ç §à§Ó§à§Ô §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ñ§Ô, §ñ§ã§ä§ß§Ñ§Ñ§ã (§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§ã§ä§î) §Òү§â§ï§Ý§Õ§ï§ç §Ò§à§Ý§Ø§ï§ï. §ª§ß§Ô§ï§ã§ß§ï§ï§â §·§Ñ§Ý§ç, §¥ө§â§Óө§Õ, §¥§Ñ§â§î§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ô§Ñ, §¥§Ñ§â§ç§Ñ§Õ §Ù§ï§â§ï§Ô §ß§î §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ñ§Ô §Ò§å§ð§å §å§Ý§ã §äө§â §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ô §Ù§Ñ§ç§Ú§â§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í §çө§Ô§Ø§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §ñ§Ó§è§Ñ§Õ §Ò§Ú§Û §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §ç§ï§ã§ï§Ô, §ß§ï§Ô§Ø §Ò§å§ã §ç§Ñ§â§Ú§ß §çү§Þүү§ã, §·§Ñ§Ý§ç, §¥ө§â§Óө§Õ, §¥§Ñ§â§î§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ô§Ñ, §¥§Ñ§â§ç§Ñ§Õ §ç§ï§Þ§ï§ï§ç §çү§Þүү§ã§Ú§Û§ß §ß§Ú§Û§ä§Ý§ï§Ô, §Òү§Ý§ï§Ô §Ò§à§Ý§Ø §ç§å§Ó§Ú§â§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §ª§Û§ß§çүү §å§Ý§ã §äө§â, §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ô §Ù§Ñ§ç§Ú§â§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í §ß§ï§Ô§Ø §çү§Þүү§ã§Ú§Û§ß §Òү§Ý§ï§Ô §Ò§à§Ý§Ø §ç§å§Ó§Ú§â§ã§Ñ§ß §äө§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôү§Û, §ä§ï§Õ§ß§Ú§Û§Ô §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§â §ä§à§Õ§à§â§ç§à§Û§Ý§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §å§é§Ú§â §ä§ï§Õ §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ §Ô§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ý, §ç§ï§Ý §ã§à§×§Ý, §Ù§Ñ§ß §Ù§Ñ§ß§ê§Ú§Ý §Ô§ï§ç §Þ§ï§ä §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Ùү§Û§ß §ç§å§Ó§î§Õ §ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ä§Ñ§Û §çү§Þүү§ã§Ú§Û§ß §Òү§Ý§Ôүү§Õ §Ò§à§Ý§Ø§ï§ï. §ª§ß§Ô§ï§Ø §å§Ý§ã §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §ç§å§Ó§Ñ§Ñ§Ô§Õ§Ñ§Ý §ã§à§×§Ý§í§ß, §å§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§â ¡°§ñ§ã §è§å§ã§ß§í¡±, өө§âөө§â §ç§ï§Ý§Ò§ï§Ý §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ñ §Ò§à§Ý§Ø §ç§å§Ó§Ú§â§é§ï§ï.


§¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô ү§Ù§ï§ç §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §å§Ý§ã §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §Ü§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§à§â§Ú §Ò§à§Ý§à§ç§í§ß §ç§å§Ó§î§Õ §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß§í §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§â §ç§Ú§Ý §ç§ñ§Ù§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ß§î §ä§à§Õ§à§â§ç§à§Û§Ý§à§Ô§Õ§à§Ø, §ï§ß§ï §å§ä§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ñ §¥§Ñ§Û§é§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §¤§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§à§à§â §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §ä§à§Õ§à§â§ç§à§Û§Ý§à§Ô§Õ§à§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§à§Ý §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Ùү§Û§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §ç§ï§Ý, §ã§à§×§Ý§à§à§â §ä§à§Õ§à§â§ç§à§Û§Ý§à§Ô§Õ§à§Ø §·§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ô, §¢§å§â§Ú§Ñ§Õ§í§Ô §é §äө§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôү§Û §ç§Ñ§Þ§â§Ñ§ç §Ò§à§Ý§à§Ó. §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §å§Ý§ã §äө§â §Ù§Ñ§ç§Ú§â§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í §ç§å§Ó§î§Õ §ç§å§Ó§Ñ§Ñ§Ô§Õ§ã§Ñ§ß §ß§ï§Ô §Ñ§â§Õ §äү§Þ§ï§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§à§Ý §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Ùү§Û§ß §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §ç§ï§Ý, §ã§à§×§Ý§í§ß §ç§å§Ó§î§Õ §Ú§Ø§Ú§Ý §äө§ã§ä§ï§Û §à§Ó§à§Ô §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ô§å§å§Õ§í§ß §ß§Ú§Û§ä§Ý§ï§Ô §ß§ï§â§ê§Ú§Ý §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ý§Ñ§Ñ. §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß, §ï§â§ç §Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§Ô§é§Õ§í§ß ө§ß§èө§Ôөө§ã §Õ§ï§ï§â§ï§ï§ã §ç§Ñ§â§ã§Ñ§ß §å§Ý§ã §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§à§Ý §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Ùү§Û§ß§ç §ß§î §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Ùү§Û§ß үү§Õ§ß§ï§ï§ã §Ô§Ñ§Õ§ß§Ñ§Ñ§ã, §Ù§Ñ§ç §ç§ñ§Ù§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ñ§ã, §Õ§à§à§â§à§à§ã §ç§Ñ§â§ã§Ñ§ß §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ý§Ñ§Ñ. §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß§í §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §å§Ý§ã §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §ç§Ú§Ý §ç§ñ§Ù§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ñ§â §ç§Ñ§â§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §å§é§Ú§â §ä§å§ç§Ñ§Û§ß §å§Ý§ã §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §ç§Ú§Ý §ç§ñ§Ù§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â§í§ß §Õ§à§ä§à§â§ç§Ú§Û§Ô §Òү§ç§ï§Ý§Õ §ß§î, §è§å§Ý§Õ §ß§î §ß§ï§Ô §Ñ§â§Õ §äү§Þ§ï§ß §Ô§ï§Ø §ç§Ñ§â§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§à§Ý §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Ùү§Û§ß §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ §ß§î §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §Ú§Ø§Ú§Ý §äө§ã§ä§ï§Û §à§Ý§à§ß §à§Ó§à§Ô §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §à§Ý§à§ß§Ý§à§Ô§à§à§â §ç§Ñ§â§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ý§Ñ§Ñ. §´§Ú§Û§Þ§ï§ï§ã §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß§í §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §ß§ï§Ô §è§å§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§â §ç§Ñ§â§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§à§Ý §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Ùү§Û§ß§ç §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §Ú§Ø§Ú§Ý §äө§ã §Ò§Ñ §ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ñ §Ô§ï§Õ§ï§Ô §Ü§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§à§â§Ú§à§â §ç§Ñ§â§Ø §äүү§ß§Ú§Û §Ú§Ø§Ú§Ý §äө§ã§Ú§Û§Ô, §äө§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôү§Û §ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§Ô §ä§à§Þ§â§å§å§Ý§Ñ§ß §ç§Ñ§â§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ý§Ñ§Ñ.


§¿§ß§ï §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ§Ú§Û§ß §ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í §ä§å§Û§Ý§í§Ô §Õ§ï§ï§â §ï§ê§Ú§Ý§ã§ï§ß §¢.§Á.§£§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Þ§Ú§â§è§à§Ó§í§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§â §ã§å§å§â§î §Ú§Ý§ï§â§ç§Ú§Û§Ý§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§à§Ý §Ú§Ø§Ú§Ý §äө§ã§Ú§Û§ß §ä§å§Û§Ý§í§Ô §ß§î §Þ§ï§Õ§ï§ï§Ø §¨.§¸§ï§Ó§ï§ï§ß§Ú§Û ү§Ù§ï§Ý §Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§Þ§ä§Ý§Ñ§Ý §äө§Ýөө§Ý§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ý§Ñ§Ñ. §¿§ß§ï §ç§à§×§â §Ò§Ñ§Û§â §ã§å§å§â§î §ß§î §ï§â§Õ§ï§Þ §ê§Ú§ß§Ø§Ú§Ý§Ô§ï§ï§ß§Ú§Û §Ò§å§ã §ç§Ñ§â§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §é§Ú§Ô §Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§Þ§Ø§Ñ§Ñ §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ó. §¨.§¸§ï§Ó§ï§ï§ß§Ú§Û ү§Ù§Ý§Ú§Û§Ô §±§Ñ§ß-§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §Ô§ï§Õ§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ý §¢.§Á.§£§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Þ§Ú§â§è§à§Ó§í§ß§ç§í§Ô §°§Ý§à§ß-§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §ï§ã§Ó§ï§Ý §à§Ý§à§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Ø§å§å§Ô§Ú§Û§ß ү§Ù§ï§Ý (multiple-Mongolic) §Ô§ï§Ø §ß§ï§â§Ý§ï§Ø §Ò§à§Ý§à§ç §ð§Þ. Ү§ß§ï§ß§Õ§ï§ï §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô ү§Ù§ï§ç §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Ùү§Û§ß §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ §ß§î §ß§ï§Ô§ï§ß §Ù§ï§â§ï§Ô §±§Ñ§ß-§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §°§Ý§à§ß-§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Ø§å§å§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §Òө§Ôөө§Õ §é§å§ç§Ñ§Þ §±§Ñ§ß-§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§ç §å§å §ï§ã§Ó§ï§Ý §°§Ý§à§ß-§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Ø§å§å§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§ç §å§å §Ô§ï§Õ§ï§Ô §ß§î §å§Ý§ã §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§â§î §ã§å§å§â§Ú§ß§Ñ§Ñ§ã §Ý §ê§Ñ§Ý§ä§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ç §Ùү§Û§Ý §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ó. §·§ï§â§Ó§ï§ï §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §ß§ï§Ô§ä§Ô§ï§ç §Ò§Ñ§Û§â §ã§å§å§â§î §Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§Þ§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ò§Ñ§Ý §±§Ñ§ß-§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß, §ç§ï§â§Ó§ï§ï §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ý§Ñ§ç, §ç§å§Ó§Ñ§Ñ§ç §Ò§Ñ§Û§â §ã§å§å§â§î §Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§Þ§ä§Ý§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Ý §°§Ý§à§ß-§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Ø§å§å§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§ß §ç§å§Ó§Ú§â§Ô§Ñ§ç §Ò§à§Ý§à§Þ§Ø§ä§à§Û §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §ð§Þ. 1928 §à§ß§Õ §©үү§ß§ä§ßүү§Õ §é§å§ç§Ñ§Þ §°§Ý§à§ß-§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Ø§å§å§Ô§Ú§Û§ß ү§Ù§Ý§Ú§Û§Ô §çө§çүү§Ý§ï§ç, §±§Ñ§ß-§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Ú§Ù§Þ§Ú§Û§Ô §Ò§å§Ý§ê§Ý§Ñ§ç§í§ß §äө§Ýөө §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §ï§â§ç§ï§ß§Õ §ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ô§Õ§ã§Ñ§ß §Òө§Ôөө§Õ §ä§ï§Õ§ß§Ú§Û §ç§å§Ó§î§Õ §¨.§¸§ï§Ó§ï§ï§ß§Ú§Û §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §Ò§å§ã§Ñ§Õ §ï§â§ç §Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§Ô§é§Õ§í§ß §Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§Þ§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß§í ү§Ù§ï§Ý §Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§Þ§ä§Ý§Ñ§Ý §ç§à§×§å§Ý§Ñ§Ñ §±§Ñ§ß-§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß ү§Ù§ï§Ý §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §ß§î §à§Û§Ý§Ô§à§Þ§Ø§ä§à§Û §å§é§Ú§â §ä§ï§Õ §äүү§ß§Ú§Û§Ô §é §Þө§ß §Ò§å§Ý§ê§Ú§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß §ð§Þ.

§°§Ý§à§ß-§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Ø§å§å§Ô§Ú§Û§ß ү§Ù§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §ñ§Ý§Ñ§Ý§ä
§°§Õ§à§à §°§Ý§à§ß-§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Ø§å§å§Ô§Ú§Û§ß ү§Ù§ï§Ý §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß§í §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §±§Ñ§ß-§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß ү§Ù§Ý§Ú§Û§Ô §ç§ï§â§ç§ï§ß §ç§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ç §Ò§à§Ý§ã§ß§í§Ô §Ñ§Ó§é ү§Ù§î§Ö. §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß§í ү§Ù§Ý§Ú§Û§Ô §Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§Þ§ä§Ý§Ñ§Ô§é§Õ§í§ß §Õ§ï§Ó§êүү§Ý§ã§ï§ß §Ù§à§â§Ú§Ý§ä §ß§î §¥§Ñ§Û§é§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §¤§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ä§à§Ô§ä§ß§à§ã§à§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §å§Ý§ã §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§ç §ñ§Ó§Õ§Ñ§Ý §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§à§Ý §±§Ñ§ß-§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß ү§Ù§ï§Ý§ä§ßүү§Õ§Ú§Û§ß §Ù§à§â§Ú§Ý§ä §ß§î ¡°§Òү§ç §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §à§Ó§à§Ô §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ô§Ú§Û§Ô §ß§à§Û§â§ß§à§à§ã §ã§ï§â§ï§ï§Ø¡±, §ä§ï§Õ§ï§ß§Õ ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ß§Ú§Û §å§ç§Ñ§Þ§ã§Ñ§â §ã§å§å§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ø, §å§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§â §ß§ï§Ô§ï§ß §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §Õ§à§â §ß§ï§Ô§ä§Ô§ï§Ø, §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ§í§ß §ß§ï§Ô§Õ§ã§ï§ß §äө§â §å§Ý§ã §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ñ§ç §ñ§Ó§Õ§Ñ§Ý §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ý§Ñ§Ñ. §·§Ñ§â§Ú§ß §±§Ñ§ß-§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß ү§Ù§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §ß§î §¥§Ñ§Û§é§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §ç§Ñ§â§î§ñ§Ñ§ß§Õ §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§à§à§â §äө§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôү§Û §·§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ô, §¢§å§â§Ú§Ñ§Õ§í§Ô §ç§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§â§é §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ó.
§¤§ï§ä§ï§Ý §°§â§à§ã, §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §ç§à§×§â §Õө§ß§Ôө§Ø §·§Ñ§Ý§ç, §·§à§Ó§Õ§í§ß §ç§ñ§Ù§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â§ä §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§ß§à§Þ§Ú §ï§â§ç §à§Ý§Ô§à§ç §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§â §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §å§Ý§ã§í§Ô §ç§ñ§Ù§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ§ç§í§ß §ç§Ñ§Þ§ä §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ ө§Þ§ßө§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô, §°§â§à§ã §´§Ñ§Ô§ß§í§ß §µ§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§ç§Ñ§Û§Ô §ã§Ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§ß §Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ç§Ñ§Ñ§â §ê§Ú§Û§Õ§ã§ï§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §¤§ï§Ó§é §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §ï§â§ç §Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§Ô§é§Ú§Õ §¥§Ñ§Û§é§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §¤§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §Òү§â§ï§Ý§Õ§ï§çүү§ß§Õ §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß ө§Þ§ßө§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý, §´§Ñ§Ô§ß§Ñ §µ§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§ç§Ñ§Û§Ô §Ò§å§è§Ñ§Ñ§Ø §Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ç §Ò§Ñ§Û§â §ã§å§å§â§Ú§ß §Õ§ï§ï§â 1924 §à§ß§í §®§¡§·§¯-§í§ß 3-§â §Ú§ç §ç§å§â§Ñ§Ý §çү§â§ä§ï§Ý §ä§å§å§ê§ä§Ñ§Û §Ù§à§Ô§ã§ã§à§ß §Ñ§Ø. §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ä§ß§Ú§Û§Ô §ß§ï§Ô§ä§ï§ç §Ù§à§â§Ú§Ý§ä §®§¡§·§¯-§í§ß §ï§â§Þ§ï§Ý§Ù§ï§ç §Ñ§â§Ó§Ñ§ß §Ùү§Û§Ý §Ò§å§ð§å §Þө§â§Ú§Û§ß §çө§äө§Ý§Òө§â§ä §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ô§Õ§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §ä§å§Ý §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §ï§â§ç §Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§Ô§é§Ú§Õ ¡°§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §à§Ó§à§Ô§ä§ß§í§Ô §ß§ï§Ô§ä§Ô§ï§Ø §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §ã§å§å§â§Ú§Û§Ô §Ò§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ä§Ô§Ñ§ç¡± (§¢§Ñ§Õ§â§Ñ§ç 2001: 49), §´§Ñ§Ô§ß§í§ß §µ§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§ç§Ñ§Û§Ô §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Õ §Ò§å§è§Ñ§Ñ§ß §Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ç§í§Ô §ä§å§å§ê§ä§Ñ§Û §ï§â§Þ§ï§Ý§Ù§ï§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §Ñ§Ø§ï§ï. §¹§å§ç§Ñ§Þ §ï§Ý §å§é§Ú§â §®§¡§·§¯-§í§ß §Þө§â§Ú§Û§ß §çө§äө§Ý§Òө§â§Ú§Û§Ô өө§â§é§Ýө§ç §Ñ§ã§å§å§Õ§Ý§í§Ô §¿§Ý§Ò§ï§Ô§Õ§à§â§Ø §²§Ú§ß§é§Ú§ß§à §Õ§ï§Ó§êүү§Ý§ï§ç§ï§Õ §³.§¥§Ñ§ß§Ù§Ñ§ß §å§Ô ¡°§ï§â§Þ§ï§Ý§Ù§ï§ç §Ñ§â§Ó§Ñ§ß §Ùү§Û§Ý §Ò§à§Ý §²§Ú§ß§é§Ú§ß§à §ß§Ñ§â§í§ß §Ù§ï§â§ï§Ô §çү§Þүү§ã§ï§ï§ã §ê§Ú§ß§ï §Ùү§Û§Ý§Ú§Û§Ô §ß§ï§Þ§ï§ß §Ô§Ñ§â§Ô§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ß §äө§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôөө§â өө§â§é§Ú§Ý§Ø §Ò§à§Ý§à§ç §ä§Ú§Û§Þ §ï§ß§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §Ùү§Û§Ýүү§Õ §Ò§Ú§ê§ï§ï¡± §Ô§ï§Ø §ä§å§å§ê§ä§Ñ§Û §ç§Ñ§Þ§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§Ý§ã§ß§í §å§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§ã §Ñ§Þ§Ú§Ñ §Ñ§Ý§Õ§Ñ§ç§Ñ§Õ §çү§â§ã§ï§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ (§®§¡§·§¯-§í§ß §Ô§å§â§Ñ§Ó§Õ§å§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §Ú§ç §ç§å§â§Ñ§Ý 1966: 65).


§³.§¥§Ñ§ß§Ù§Ñ§ß§Ô §çө§ßөө§ã§ßөө§â §®§¡§·§¯-§í§ß §Þө§â§Ú§Û§ß §çө§äө§Ý§Òө§â§Ú§Û§Ô өө§â§é§Ýө§ç, §´§Ñ§Ô§ß§í§ß §µ§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§ç§Ñ§Û§Ô §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§à§à§ã §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§ç §Ù§Ñ§Þ §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ô§Õ§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §µ§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§â §¬§à§Þ§Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§ß §®§¡§·§¯-§í§ß §Þө§â§Ú§Û§ß §çө§äө§Ý§Òө§â§Ú§Û§Ô §ê§Ú§ß§ï§ï§â §Ò§à§Ý§à§Ó§ã§â§å§å§Ý§Ñ§ç §Ñ§Ø§Ý§í§Ô §Ô§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ§Ñ §Ñ§Ó§é, §¬§à§Þ§Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§ß§Ú§Û §äө§Ýөө§Ýө§Ô§é §®§Ñ§ä§Ó§Ö§Û §¡§Þ§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ö§Ó ¡°§¤§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §à§Ý§à§ß §äү§Þ§ï§ß §Ñ§â§Õ §Ò§à§Ý §Ò§å§ã§Ñ§Õ §Þ§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §à§Ó§à§Ô§ä§ß§í §ß§ï§Ô§ï§ß §Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ý §ï§â§ç §éө§Ýөө §ï§Õ§Ýүү§Ý§ãү§Ô§ï§Û §Ô§ï§Ø §çү§ã§ï§ç §ß§î §Ùү§Û§ä§ï§Û §Ò§à§Ý§à§Ó§é §ï§ß§ï §ä§å§ç§Ñ§Û§Ô §ß§Ñ§Þ§í§ß §Þө§â§Ú§Û§ß §çө§äө§Ý§Òө§â§ä §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Û §Ùү§Û§Ý §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§ß §à§â§å§å§Ý§ã§ß§í §ç§ï§â§ï§Ô§Ôү§Û¡­§¤§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §Þ§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §Ò§à§Ý §Ò§å§ã§Ñ§Õ §Þ§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §à§Ó§à§Ô§ä§ß§í §Õ§å§â §ã§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§í§Ô §ç§ï§â§ï§Ô§ã§ï§ç§Ôү§Û §Òү§ç §Þ§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ñ §Ô§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§â §å§ã§í§Ô §ß§ï§Ô§ä§Ô§ï§ß§ï §Ô§ï§ç §ß§î §Ù§à§ç§Ú§Ý§Õ§à§ç§Ôү§Û¡­§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §å§Ý§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ã §´§Ñ§Ô§ß§í§ß §µ§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§ç§Ñ§Û§Ô §Ù§Ñ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Ý §Ò§Ú§Õ§ï§ß §Ý§å§Ô§Ñ§Ñ §ß§ï§Ô§Õ§äү§Ô§ï§Û §Ô§ï§Ø §ä§ï§Õ§ß§Ú§Û §Ù§à§â§Ú§Ô §çү§ã§Ý§Ú§Û§Ô §Þ§à§ç§à§à§Ø §Ù§à§ç§Ú§Ý§Õ§à§ç§Ôү§Û¡± (§®§¡§·§¯-§í§ß §Õө§âө§Ó§Õү§Ô§ï§ï§â §Ú§ç §ç§å§â§Ñ§Ý, 1978: 97). §·§Ñ§â§Ú§ß §é ¡°§´§å§ã §ß§Ñ§Þ §ß§î §Ù§à§â§Ú§Ý§Ô§à§Õ§à§à §à§Ý§à§ß ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ä§ß§Ú§Û §ä§å§ç§Ñ§Û §Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ñ §à§Ó§à§Ô§ä§à§ß өө§âөө §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ç §ç§ï§â§Ô§Ú§Û§Ô §×§ã§à§à§â §ñ§Ó§å§å§Ý§Ñ§ç§í§Ô ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§Ó§à§Ý §Ù§à§ç§Ú§ç §Òө§Ôөө§Õ §ï§ß§ï §ß§î §Þ§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §à§Ó§à§Ô§ä§ß§í §Ñ§â§Õ §äү§Þ§ï§ß ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ß§Ú§Û §ï§â§ç §éө§Ýөө§Ô §à§Ý§ã§ß§í §ç§à§Û§ß§à §ç§ï§â§ï§Ó §ä§ï§Õ§ß§Ú§Û §ï§â§ç §Ñ§ê§Ú§Ô§ä §Ùө§âө§ç §Ùү§Û§Ý§Ôү§Û §Òө§Ôөө§ã өө§â§ã§Õ§Ú§Û§ß §Õ§å§â §ã§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§â §ß§ï§Ô§Õ§ï§Ø §ç§à§Ý§Ò§à§à§ä §å§Ý§ã §ä§à§Ô§ä§à§ç§à§Õ §ã§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §Ò§à§à§Þ§ä §Ò§à§Ý§à§ç §ñ§Ó§Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ôү§Û §Ò§à§Ý§à§Û¡± (§®ө§ß §ä§ï§ß§Õ, 97-98) §Ô§ï§Ø §ß§à§Þ§Ý§à§ã§ß§à§à§â §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §ß§ï§Ô§ä§Ô§ï§ç §Ñ§ã§å§å§Õ§Ñ§Ý §Þө§â§Ú§Û§ß §çө§äө§Ý§Òө§âөө§ã §ç§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ô§Õ§Ñ§Ø §å§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§â 1926 §à§ß§Õ §¢§¯§®§¡§µ §´§Ñ§Ô§ß§í§ß §µ§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§ç§Ñ§Û§Ô §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §å§Ý§ã §ç§ï§Þ§ï§ï§ß §çү§Ý§ï§ï§ß §Ùө§Ó§êөө§â§ãө§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §ª§Û§ß§çүү §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ §à§Ý§à§ß §Ñ§â§Õ §äү§Þ§ï§ß§Õ, §à§Ý§à§ß §å§Ý§ã§Ñ§Õ §ç§å§Ó§Ñ§Ñ§Ô§Õ§Ñ§ç §Ò§à§Ý§Ø§ï§ï.
§´үү§Ô§ï§ï§â §é §Ò§Ñ§â§Ñ§ç§Ôү§Û §¬§à§Þ§Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§ß§í §äө§Ýөө§Ýө§Ô§é §®.§¡§Þ§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ö§Ó §ß§Ñ§â§í§ß §Ò§à§Ý§à§Ó§ã§â§å§å§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß §çө§äө§Ý§Òө§â (1925 §à§ß§í §Ô§å§â§Ñ§Ó§Õ§å§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ã§Ñ§â§í§ß §Òү§Ô§Õ §ç§å§â§Ñ§Ý §Õ§ï§ï§â) ¡°§¢§¯§®§¡§µ-§í§ß §Õ§à§ä§à§â §ç§Ñ§Ý§ç§é§å§å§Õ §Ò§Ñ §Ò§å§ã§Ñ§Õ ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ä§ß§Ú§Û §Ò§Ñ§Ô§Ñ §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ô§å§å§Õ §ç§à§à§â§à§ß§Õ§à§à §Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ñ §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ§ß ү§Ù§ï§ç §ñ§Ó§Õ§Ý§í§Ô §Òү§â§Þө§ãө§ß §ç§Ñ§Ý§Ø, §ñ§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ô§å§ñ§Ñ §Ò§å§ã§Ñ§Õ ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ä§ß§Ú§Û §Ò§Ñ§Ô§Ñ §Ò§å§å§â§Ñ§Û §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ô§å§å§Õ§í§ß §ä§å§ç§Ñ§Û §ç§Ñ§Ý§ç§é§å§å§Õ§í§ß §Ùү§Ô§ï§ï§ã §Õ§ï§ï§â§ï§ß§Ôү§Û§Ý§ï§ß ү§Ù§ï§ç §Þ§ï§ä§Ú§Û§Ô §Ò§å§ã§Ñ§Õ ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ä§ß§Ú§Û §Ò§Ñ§Ô§Ñ §Ò§å§å§â§Ñ§Û §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ô§å§å§Õ§í§Ô §ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ§ç§Ôү§Û §Ø§Ú§ß§ç§ï§ß§ï §Ñ§â§Õ§í§ß §ï§â§ç §éө§Ýөө§Ô §çү§ß§Õ§ï§ä§Ô§ï§ç¡± (§®§¡§·§¯-§í §ä§à§Ô§ä§à§à§Ý §ê§Ú§Û§Õ§Ó§ï§â, 1956: 113) §Ô§ï§Ø §Ùү§ä§Ô§ï§ã§ß§Ú§Û §å§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§ã ¡°§¢§¯§®§¡§µ-§í§ß §ç§ñ§Ù§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â§ä §Ò§Ñ§Ô§ä§ã§Ñ§ß §à§Ý§à§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í §Ñ§â§Õ§Ñ§Õ өө§âөө §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ç §ï§â§ç§ä§ï§Û §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§ç§í§Ô §Ò§Ñ§ä§Ý§Ñ§ç¡± §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ (§®§¡§·§¯-§í§ß §Õө§âө§Ó§Õү§Ô§ï§ï§â §Ú§ç §ç§å§â§Ñ§Ý, 1978: 113). §ª§Û§ß§çүү §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §å§Ý§ã §é §à§Ý§à§ß ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ä§ï§ß, §ñ§ã§ä§ß§í §å§Ý§ã (multi-ethnic) §Ò§à§Ý§Ø§ï§ï.


§´§Ñ§Ô§ß§í§ß §µ§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§ç§Ñ§Û§ß §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ä§à§Ô§ä§ß§à§Ý§í§Ô §Ùө§Ó§êөө§â§ãө§ß §Ò§Ñ ¡°§à§Ý§à§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í §Ñ§â§Õ§Ñ§Õ өө§âөө §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ç §ï§â§ç§ä§ï§Û §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§ç§í§Ô §Ò§Ñ§ä§Ý§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ß¡± §ß§î ¡°§´§Ñ§Ô§ß§Ñ §å§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§ç§Ñ§Û §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §å§Ý§ã §Ò§à§Ý§à§à§Õ §Ò§Ñ§Û§ç§Ñ§Õ §¹§Ñ§ß§Õ§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û§ß §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ñ§Ô §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Û §å§Ý§ã §Ò§à§Ý§à§ç§à§Õ ү§Ý §Ò§à§Ý§à§ç §Ô§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§â§Ôү§Û¡± (§®§¡§·§¯-§í§ß §Õ§à§Ý§Õ§å§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §Ú§ç §ç§å§â§Ñ§Ý, 1980: 167) §Ô§ï§ã§ï§ß ү§Ù§Ý§Ú§Û§Ô §Õ§ï§Ó§ï§â§Ô§ï§ã§ï§ß §äө§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôү§Û §ç§à§Ø§Ú§Þ §µ.§¢§å§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ú§Û§ß (1998) ¡°§·§Ñ§Ý§ç-§äө§Ó§Ú§Û§ß ү§Ù§ï§Ý¡± (Halh-centrism) §Ô§ï§Ø §ß§ï§â§Ý§ï§ã§ï§ß ¡°§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ô§Ñ§ã§í§Ô¡± §é §Ò§Ú§Û §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§ã§à§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §ª§ß§Ô§ï§ã§ß§ï§ï§â §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ä§à§Ô§ä§ß§à§Ý, §ß§ï§Ô§Õ§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §äө§Ýөө §Ò§à§ã§ã§à§ß §ç§ï§ß §Òү§ç§ß§Ú§Û§Ô §ß§ï§Ô §Ò§à§Ý §±§Ñ§ß-§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß ү§Ù§ï§Ý§Õ §ï§ã§Ó§ï§Ý §·§Ñ§Ý§ç-§äө§Ó§Ú§Û§ß ү§Ù§ï§Ý§Õ §Ò§å§â§å§å§ê§Ñ§Ñ§ç §ç§Ñ§Ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ §ß§ï§ï§Ô§Õ§Ø§ï§ï.
§ª§Û§ß§çүү 1924 §à§ß §Ô§ï§ç§ï§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô ү§Ù§ï§ç §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß§í §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ, §å§Ý§ã §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß ү§Ù§ï§Ý §Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§Þ§ä§Ý§Ñ§Ý §Õ§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ô§Õ§Ñ§ßxiii §Þө§ç§ãө§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §å§Ý§ã §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §ä§Ñ§Ó§è§Ñ§ß§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Ùү§Û§ß §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ§Ú§Û§ß үү§Õ§ß§ï§ï§ã ү§Ù§ï§ç ү§Ù§ï§Ý §ß§à§×§Ý§à§ç §Ò§à§Ý§Ø §äүү§ß§Ú§Û §ç§à§×§â §ç§å§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ò§Ñ§â §Ò§à§Ý§à§ç §±§Ñ§ß-§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß ү§Ù§ï§Ý, §°§Ý§à§ß-§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Ø§å§å§Ô§Ú§Û§ß ү§Ù§ï§Ý §ç§à§×§â ө§â§ãө§Ý§Õө§ç §Ò§à§Ý§Ø§ï§ï. ¡°§¯§å§ä§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §Ù§Ñ§ç§Ú§â§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§Ô §Ñ§â§Õ§é§Ú§Ý§Ñ§ç¡± §Ô§ï§ï§é §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §ç§Ñ§Ñ§ß§ä §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ô§Ú§Û§Ô §ç§Ñ§Ý§Ø §Òү§Ô§Õ §ß§Ñ§Û§â§Ñ§Þ§Õ§Ñ§ç §ß§ï§â§ä§ï§Û §©ө§Ó§Ýө§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ý (§Ó§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§î §ã§à§Ó§Ö§ä§à§Ó) §ä§å§ß§ç§Ñ§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ã§ß§Ñ§Ñ§â §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß §å§Ý§ã§äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §ä§Ñ§Ó§è§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ñ§ã ү§ß§Õ§ã§ï§ß§Õ§ï§ï §Ñ§â§é§Ú§Ô§Õ§ã§Ñ§ß §Òө§Ôөө§Õ §ç§Ñ§Ñ§ß§ä §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ñ§Ý §ç§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Õ§ã§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ñ§â §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß§í §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §ç§ï§Ý§Ò§ï§â §é §ç§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Õ§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §µ§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§â §ç§Ñ§Ñ§ß§ä §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ý§í§Ô §ç§Ñ§Ý§Ø, §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß§í§Ô §Ù§Ñ§Û§Ý§å§å§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß §ß§î §¡§â §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ñ§â §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß ө§Þ§ßө§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§à§à§ã §å§Ý§ã §äө§â, §ß§Ú§Û§Ô§Þ§Ú§Û§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ý§í§ß §ç§å§Ó§î§Õ §é §ä§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß §ç§ï§â§ï§Ô §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ý§Ñ§Ñ. Ү§ß§Õ§ã§ï§ß§Õ§ï§ï §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß§í §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §Õ§à§â §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §ß§ï§Ô§ä§Ô§ï§ç §Ò§à§Ý§à§Þ§Ø §Ú§Û§ß§çүү §Òү§â§Þө§ãө§ß §Ñ§Ý§Õ§Ñ§Ô§Õ§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ.
§µ§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§â §ß§å§ä§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §Ù§Ñ§ç§Ú§â§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§Ô §Ñ§â§Õ§é§Ú§Ý§Ø, §Òү§Ô§Õ §ß§Ñ§Û§â§Ñ§Þ§Õ§Ñ§ç §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ý §ä§å§ß§ç§Ñ§Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ø, §©ө§Ó§Ýө§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ô§Ú§Û§Ô §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ø, §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ú §ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ§ß ¡°§Ø§Ú§ß§ç§ï§ß§ï §ç§Ñ§â§è §Õ§à§â§Õ §Ñ§â§Õ§í§Ô¡± §çө§çүү§Ý§ã§ß§ï§ï§â Ө.§¢§Ñ§Õ§â§Ñ§ç, §±.§¤§ï§ß§Õ§ï§ß, §©.§º§Ú§Ø§ï§ï, §¢. §¿§Ý§Õ§ï§Ó-§°§é§Ú§â, §­.§­§Ñ§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§ß §ß§Ñ§â§í§ß §à§â§à§ß §ß§å§ä§Ñ§Ô, §Ù§Ñ§ç §ç§ñ§Ù§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â§í§ß §ñ§Ó§è§å§å ү§Ù§ï§Ý§ä§ï§Û §ç§Ñ§â§è§Ñ§ã §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §ï§â§ç§ï§ß§Õ §Ô§Ñ§â§Ñ§ç §Ò§à§Ý§à§Þ§Ø §ß§ï§ï§Ô§Õ§Ø§ï§ï. §¿§ß§ï §ß§î §ç§ï§â§ï§Ô §Õ§ï§ï§â§ï§ï §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §ä§ï§Õ§ß§Ú§Û §Õ§ï§â§Ô§ï§Õ §çү§Þүү§Ø§ã§ï§ß §äү§ê§Þ§ï§Õүү§Õ§Ú§Û§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§ç ¡°§Òү§â§Ô§ï§Õ§Ú§Û§ß §ßү§Õ§Ú§Û§Ô¡± (bird¡¯s eye view) §ç§Ñ§â§è§Ñ§ã §Õ§à§à§â§Õ§ã§í§ß ¡°§ê§Ñ§Ó§î§Ø§ß§í §ßү§Õ§ï§ï§â¡± (worm¡¯s eye view) §ç§Ñ§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß §å§Ý§ã §äө§â, §ß§Ú§Û§Ô§Þ§Ú§Û§ß §äө§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôү§Û §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô ү§Ù§ï§ç §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ§Ú§Û§ß, §å§Ý§ã §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß ү§Ù§ï§Ý §Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§Þ§ä§Ý§Ñ§Ý§í§ß §ç§å§Ó§î§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ý §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ý§Ñ§Ñ. §µ§Õ§Ú§â§Õ§Ñ§ß §Ø§à§Ý§à§à§Õ§à§ç§à§Õ §ç§ñ§Ý§Ò§Ñ§â §å§é§Ú§â §¬§à§Þ§Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§ß ¡°§çө§Õөө§ß§Ú§Û§ç§ß§Ú§Û§Ô¡± §Õ§ï§Þ§Ø§Ú§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ú§Ý§ï§ï. §´§Ú§Û§Þ§ï§ï§ã §é 1928 §à§ß§Õ Ө.§¢§Ñ§Õ§â§Ñ§ç, §±.§¤§ï§ß§Õ§ï§ß §ß§Ñ§â§í§ß ¡°§çө§Õөө§ß§Ú§Û§çө§ß¡± §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §¢. §¿§Ý§Õ§ï§Ó-§°§é§Ú§â, §©.§º§Ú§Ø§ï§ï §ß§Ñ§â§í§ß §¥§¥§·§¬§ª§³-§Õ §Ò§ï§Ý§ä§Ô§ï§Ô§Õ§ã§ï§ß §Ù§Ñ§Ý§å§å§ã §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §ï§â§ç§ï§ß§Õ §ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ô§Õ§Ñ§Ø §¬§à§Þ§Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§ß §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §©ө§Ó§Ýө§Ý§ä§Ú§Û§ß §Ù§Ñ§Ñ§Ó§â§Ñ§Ñ§â §±§Ñ§ß-§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß ү§Ù§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §ï§ã§â§ï§Ô §Ñ§ñ§ß §Õ§Ñ§Û§ß §Ù§à§ç§Ú§à§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ñ§ç§í§ßxiv §ç§Ñ§Þ§ä ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í §Ò§à§Õ§Ý§à§Ô§à §ç§ï§Þ§ï§ï§ç §ß§ï§â§Ú§Û§ß §Õ§à§â §à§Ý§à§ß-§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß ү§Ù§Ý§Ú§Û§Ô §Õ§ï§Ý§Ô§ï§âүү§Ý§Ø, §Ú§ß§ã§ä§Ú§äү§è§Øүү§Ý§ã§ï§ß §ß§î §·.§¹§à§Û§Ò§Ñ§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß, §À.§¸§ï§Õ§ï§ß§Ò§Ñ§Ý§í§ß §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ý§í§ß §Ø§Ú§Ýүү§Õ§ï§Õ §ê§Ú§ß§Ø§Ý§ï§ç §å§ç§Ñ§Ñ§ß, §Ò§à§Ý§à§Ó§ã§â§à§Ý§à§à§â §Õ§Ñ§Þ§Ø§Ú§ß §Ñ§â§Õ §à§Ý§à§ß§Õ §ä§Ñ§â§ç§Ñ§Ø §ä§ï§Õ§ß§Ú§Û §Ú§ä§Ô§ï§Ý ү§ß§ï§Þ§ê§Ú§Ý §Ò§à§Ý§ã§ß§à§à§â §ï§Õү§Ô§ï§ï §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §ß§Ú§Û§Ô§Þ§Ú§Û§ß §Ò§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ò§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ñ§Ý §Ò§à§Ý§Ø§ï§ï. §ª§Û§ß§çүү §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §äө§â §¬§à§Þ§Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§ß, §©§·§µ-§í§ß §ä§å§ã§Ý§Ñ§Þ§Ø§ä§Ñ§Û§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ß§ï§Ô§ï§ß§ä§ï§ï §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §Ù§Ñ§ç §ç§ñ§Ù§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ñ§ã §ß§î, §Ù§Ñ§ç §ç§ñ§Ù§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â§í§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Ø§å§å §çү§Þүү§ã§Ú§Û§ß §ßү§Õ§ï§ï§â §Ù§å§å§é§Ý§å§å§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Ùү§Û§ß §Þ§ï§Õ§Ý§ï§Ô, §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ§Ú§Û§Ô §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô ү§Ù§ï§ç §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §ßү§Õ (seeing like a state view), §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §Ò§à§Õ§Ý§à§Ô§à §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§ß §ç§ï§â§ï§Ô§Øүү§Ý§Ø, §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Ø§å§å §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§Ø, §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §å§Ý§ã§í§Ô §à§Ý§à§ß §ñ§ã§ä§ß§í §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§ã§à§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ.

§¥ү§Ô§ß§ï§Ý§ä§Ú§Û§ß §à§â§à§ß§Õ: §§§Ô§ä ү§â §Õ§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§â
§·§ï§Õ§Ú§Û§Ô§ï§ï§â §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß§í §ç§å§Ó§î§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §å§Ý§ã §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §Ü§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§à§â§Ú §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§à§Ý§à§Ó§é §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §ß§î өө§â§Ú§Û§ß §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §äө§â §å§Ý§ã§Ôү§Û §ï§Ù§ï§ß§ä §Ôү§â§ß§Ú§Û §Ù§Ñ§ç §ç§ñ§Ù§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §å§é§Ú§â §¦§Ó§â§à§á§í§ß §äө§Ó§Ýө§â§ãө§ß §å§Ý§ã, §ß§Ú§Û§Ô§Þ§Ú§Û§ß §ç§å§Ó§î§ã§Ý§í§ß §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß ¡°§Ñ§â§î§ã§ä§ß§í §à§ß§à§Ý§à§à§â¡± (racial theory) §Ù§ï§Ó§ã§ï§Ô§Ý§ï§ã§ï§ß §ï§â§Õ§ï§Þ§ä§ï§Õ §ã§å§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§é§Õ§í§ß §ßү§Õ§ï§ß§Õ §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Ùү§Û§ß §Ü§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§à§â§Ú §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ý§Ñ§Ñ. §´§ï§Õ§ß§Ú§Û §Òү§ä§ï§ï§ã§ï§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Ùү§Û§ß §Þ§ï§Õ§Ý§ï§Ô §ß§î §·§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ô, §¢§å§â§Ú§Ñ§Õ§í§ß §ä§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§â§ç §Þ§ï§Õ§Ý§ï§Ô §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §ä§ï§Õ§ß§Ú§Û §ä§å§ã§Ý§Ñ§Þ§Ø§ä§Ñ§Û§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §Òү§ä§ï§ï§Ô§Õ§ã§ï§ß §äө§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôү§Û §Ú§ç§ï§Ó§é§Ý§ï§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §Ù§Ñ§ç §ç§ñ§Ù§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ß§å§ä§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §à§â§ê§Ú§ß §ã§å§å§Ô§é§Õ§í§ß §Þ§ï§Õ§ï§ï§Ý§ï§Ý §Õ§ï§ï§â §ä§å§Ý§Ô§å§å§â§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Õ§Ñ§ß §Òү§ä§ï§ï§Ô§Õ§ã§ï§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ý§Ñ§Ñ. §´§Ú§Û§Þ§ï§ï§ã §ï§ß§ï §Þ§ï§Õ§Ý§ï§Ô §ß§î §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §Ô§Ñ§Õ§ß§Ñ§Ñ§ã, §Ù§Ñ§ç §ç§ñ§Ù§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ñ§ã, §Õ§à§â§à§à§ã §ç§Ñ§â§ã§Ñ§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Ùү§Û§ß §äө§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôү§Û §¦§Ó§â§à§á-§äө§Ó§Ú§Û§ß, §¢§å§â§Ú§Ñ§Õ-§äө§Ó§Ú§Û§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§ß§í §Õ§ï§ï§â §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §Ô§Ñ§Õ§ß§Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ý§Õ §à§â§ê§Ú§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ý§Ñ§Ñ. §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §Ò§Ñ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ§í§Ô §ç§ï§Ý §ã§à§×§Ý§í§ß §ß§Ú§Û§ä§Ý§ï§Ô§ï§ï§â §ß§î §ä§à§Õ§à§â§ç§à§Û§Ý§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§ß§í §ç§å§Ó§î§Õ §å§Ô §Þ§ï§Õ§Ý§ï§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §ß§î §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß§í §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§à§à§ã §Ú§Ýүү ө§â§Ôө§ß §çү§â§ï§ï§ä§ï§Û §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ú§Ý§ï§ï. §´§Ú§Û§Þ§ï§ï§ã §å§Ô §Þ§ï§Õ§Ý§ï§Ô §ß§î өө§âөө §±§Ñ§ß-§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §ê§Ú§ß§Ø§ä§ï§Û §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §Òө§Ôөө§Õ §å§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§â §å§Ý§ã §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §±§Ñ§ß-§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Ú§Ù§Þ§í§Ô §äө§âүү§Ý§ã§ï§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ.
§µ§Ý§ã §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §±§Ñ§ß-§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Ú§Ù§Þ§Ú§Û§ß §Ù§à§â§Ú§Ý§ä §ß§î §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß§í §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §äө§â §å§Ý§ã §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ñ§ç, §ß§à§×§Õ§í§ß §Ò§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ñ§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ß §ï§Ù§ï§Þ§ê§Ýүү§Õ§Ú§Û§Ô §å§Ý§ã §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §ç§å§Ó§î§Õ §ß§ï§Ô§ä§Ô§ï§ç §Ù§à§â§Ú§Ý§ä§ä§à§Û §Õ§Ñ§Ó§ç§è§Ñ§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §å§é§Ú§â §ï§ß§ï §ç§à§×§â ү§Ù§Ý§Ú§Û§Ô §ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§ç§Ñ§Õ §äө§Óө§Ô§ä§ï§Û §äө§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôү§Û §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Ùү§Û§ß §ßү§Õ§ï§ï§â §ç§Ñ§â§Ø, §äүү§ß§Ú§Û§Ô §ï§Õү§Ô§ï§ï§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §ä§à§Ô§ä§ã§à§ß §å§Ý§ã §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §ç§Ú§Ý§ï§ï§â §ä§à§Õ§à§â§ç§à§Û§Ý§à§ç §Ò§Ñ§Û§â §ã§å§å§â§î§ä§Ñ§Û §ç§ï§ß §Òү§ç§ß§Ú§Û §ç§å§Ó§î§Õ §ç§à§×§å§Ý§Ñ§Ñ §±§Ñ§ß-§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §Ô§ï§Ø §à§Û§Ý§Ô§à§Ô§Õ§à§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ú§Ý§ï§ï. §´§Ú§Û§Þ§ï§ï§ã §é §±§Ñ§ß-§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Ú§Ù§Þ §Ô§ï§Ø §ß§ï§â§Ý§ï§Ô§Õ§ã§ï§ß §Ñ§Ø§ï§ï. §¹§å§ç§Ñ§Þ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §·§Ñ§Ý§ç, §·§à§Ó§Õ§í§ß §ç§ñ§Ù§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â§í§ß §ç§ï§Þ§Ø§ï§ï§ß§Õ §ä§à§Õ§à§â§ç§à§Û§Ý§Ø, §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§à§à§ã §äүү§ß§Ú§Û ө§Þ§ßө§Õ §ç§ï§ã§ï§Ô §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §´§Ñ§Ô§ß§í§ß §µ§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§ç§Ñ§Û§Ô §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ§ç§í§ß §ä§å§Ý§Õ §±§Ñ§ß-§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Ú§Ù§Þ§í§Ô (§äүү§ß§Ú§Û §ç§Ñ§Þ§ä §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß§í ү§Ù§Ý§Ú§Û§Ô) §Ò§å§Ý§ê§Ý§Ñ§ç §ç§ï§â§ï§Ô§ä§ï§Û §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §ð§Þ. §¹§å§ç§Ñ§Þ §±§Ñ§ß-§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Ú§Ù§Þ§í§Ô §Ò§å§Ý§ê§Ý§Ñ§ç§í§ß §ä§å§Ý§Õ §¬§à§Þ§Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§ß 1924, 1928 §à§ß§í §ï§â§Ô§ï§Ý§äүү§Õ§Ú§Û§Ô (§®ө§ß§ç-§¿§â§Õ§ï§ß§ï 1999; §¥§Ñ§ê§Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Ñ 2003, 2008) §Ù§à§ç§Ú§à§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß §Òө§Ôөө§Õ §ï§ß§ï §ñ§Ó§è§Õ§Ñ§Ñ §´§Ñ§Ô§ß§Ñ §µ§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§ç§Ñ§Û, Ө§Óө§â §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý, §ä§ï§â §é §Ò§Ñ§Û§ä§å§Ô§Ñ§Û §¢§¯§®§¡§µ-§í§ß §Õ§à§ä§à§â§ç §ß§ï§â §Òү§ç§Ú§Û 30-§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §ß§ï§Ô§Ø, §ç§ï§ã§Ô§Ú§Û§Ô §Ò§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ñ§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ß ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ä§ï§ß§Õ §ä§à§à§è§à§Ø §ä§ï§Õ§ß§Ú§Û§Ô өө§â§äөө §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ß §ä§à§ç§Ú§ß§à§ç §ï§â§ç§ä§ï§Û §ç§ï§Þ§ï§ï§ß §çө§çүү§Ý§ã§ï§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §´үү§ß§é§Ý§ï§ß §¬§à§Þ§Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§ß§í §ã§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ñ§ä§Ñ§Û§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §Õ§ï§Ó§êүү§Ý§ï§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §ï§â§ç §Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ç §Ñ§Ý§Ò§Ñ§ß §ä§å§ê§Ñ§Ñ§Ý§å§å§Õ§Ñ§Õ §ä§Ñ§Ó§î§ã§Ñ§ß §çө§Õөө, §Ù§Ñ§ç §ç§ñ§Ù§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â§í§ß, §Ò§à§Ý§à§Ó§ã§â§à§Ý §Ò§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§ä§Ñ§Û, §ç§Ñ§â§è §ï§ä§Ô§ï§ï§Õүү§Õ§Ú§Û§ß §ç§à§ê§å§å, §Ø§Ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ §Õ§à§Ó§ß§í §ñ§Ó§è§å§å ү§Ù§ï§Ý §ß§î §¬§à§Þ§Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§ß§í §çө§çүү§Ý§ï§ß §Õ§ï§Ó§ï§â§Ô§ï§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ§ß §Ô§Ñ§Õ§å§å§â§ç§Ñ§ç ү§Ù§Ý§Ú§Û§Ô §çү§Ý§ï§ï§ß §Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ç ү§â§Ø§Ú§Ý §ê§Ú§Þ§ä§ï§Û §çө§â§ã §ã§å§å§â§î §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §ß§î §à§Û§Ý§Ô§à§Þ§Ø§ä§à§Û §ð§Þ.


§¹§å§ç§Ñ§Þ §Ú§ß§Ô§ï§Ø §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Ùү§Û§ß §ßү§Õ§ï§ï§â, §à§Ó§à§Ô §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §ßү§Õ§ï§ï§â, §ñ§ã§ä§Ñ§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §ßү§Õ§ï§ï§â §ä§à§Õ§à§â§ç§à§Û§Ý§à§ç §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §Õ§à§à§Õ §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ú§Û§ß§ç§ß§í, §à§â§à§ß §ß§å§ä§Ñ§Ô, §Ø§Ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ §Õ§à§Ó§ß§í ү§Ù§ï§Ý§ä§ï§Û §ç§à§â§ê§Ú§Ø §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §äө§â, §ß§Ú§Û§Ô§ï§Þ, §ê§Ú§ß§Ø§Ý§ï§ç §å§ç§Ñ§Ñ§ß, §à§ð§å§ß §ã§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ñ§ß§Õ §ß§à§×§Ý§à§ç §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §ª§Û§ß§çүү §å§Ý§ã §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §Ù§à§â§Ú§Ý§Ô§í§ß §ä§å§Ý§Õ §¬§à§Þ§Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§ß §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §©ө§Ó§Ýө§Ý§ä §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §à§ð§å§ß §ã§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ñ, §ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§ß §Þ§ï§Õ§ï§çү§Û§ßxv §ç§å§Ó§î§Õ §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ý§Õ§Ñ§ß §Õ§Ñ§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ø, §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô ү§Ù§ï§ç §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Ùү§Û§ß §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ§Ú§Û§Ô ¡°§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß ү§ß§ï§ß¡± §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§Ø §ä§à§Ô§ä§à§à§ã§à§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §ª§Û§ß§çүү §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Õ §¦§Ó§â§à§á§í§ß ү§Ù§ï§Ý §ã§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ñ, §ê§Ú§ß§Ø§Ý§ï§ç §å§ç§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§Ô §Õ§ï§Ý§Ô§ï§âүү§Ý§Ø, §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ§í§Ô §å§Ý§ã §à§â§ß§à§à, өө§â§ã§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôөө §¦§Ó§â§à§á§í§ß §ê§Ú§ß§Ø§Ý§ï§ç §å§ç§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í үү§Õ§ß§ï§ï§ã §ß§ï§ï§ß §ã§å§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ô §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§ç §äө§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôү§Û, §ä§ï§Õ§ß§Ú§Û§Ô ¡°§ã§à§×§Ý §Ú§â§Ô§ï§ß§ê§Ú§Ý§ä §Ñ§â§Õ §äү§Þ§ß§Ú§Û §Ô§ï§â §Òү§Ý§Õ¡± §Õ§ï§Ó§êүү§Ý§ï§ß §à§â§å§å§Ý§Ñ§ç, §äүү§ß§Õ§ï§ï §°§â§à§ã§í§ß §ã§å§â§Ô§å§å§Ý§î, §Ú§ç §ã§å§â§Ô§å§å§Ý§î, §°§â§à§ã§í§ß §ç§Ñ§â§î§ñ§Ñ§ä §¢§å§â§Ú§Ñ§Õ§å§å§Õ§í§Ô §Ñ§ê§Ú§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ç§í§Ô §Þө§âөө§Õө§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §¤. §±§à§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§ß §ß§Ñ§â§í§ß §ê§Ú§ß§Ø§ï§ï§é§Õ§Ú§Û§ß §Þө§âөө§Õө§Ý 50-§Ú§Ñ§Õ§ç§Ñ§ß §Ø§Ú§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §Õ§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ñ §©ө§Ó§Ýө§Ý§ä §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ô, §¬§à§Þ§Ú§ß§Ö§â§ß§í §ä§å§ã§Ý§Ñ§Þ§Ø§ä§Ñ§Û§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §Ò§Ú§Ö§Ý§ï§Ý§ï§ï §à§Ý§Ø§ï§ï (§±§à§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§ß 1881: III-XVI).


§¯ө§Ôөө §ä§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§â §¬§à§Þ§Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§ß §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §©ө§Ó§Ýө§Ý§ä§Ú§Û§ß ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ä§ß§Ú§Û §ä§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§â§ç §Ò§à§Õ§Ý§à§Ô§à §ß§î §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Õ §äө§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôү§Û §©§·§µ-§Õ §é §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Ùү§Û§ß §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ §Õ§ï§ï§â §ã§å§å§â§Ú§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ú§Ý§ï§ï.xvi §®ө§ß ү§Ö§Õ §©ө§Ó§Ýө§Ý§äө§Õ §ñ§Ó§Ñ§Ô§Õ§Ñ§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ß§Ú§Û §Ò§à§Õ§Ý§à§Ô§à §ß§î §°§â§à§ã§í§ß §ï§Ù§ï§ß§ä §Ôү§â§ß§Ú§Û §Õ§à§â §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §à§Ý§à§ß ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ä§ß§Ú§Û §Ñ§â§Õ §äү§Þ§ßүү§Õ§ï§Õ ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ß§Ú§Û өө§âөө §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ß §ä§à§ç§Ú§ß§à§ç §ï§â§ç §ï§Õ§Ýүү§Ý§ï§ç §ß§ï§â§ï§ï§â §ä§ï§Õ§ï§ß§Õ ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ä§ß§Ú§Û §äө§â §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §ç§ï§Ý§Ò§ï§â (form of nationhood) §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§ß§à§Þ§Ú §ï§â§ç§Ú§Û§Ô §à§Ý§Ô§à§ç §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§â §ä§ï§Õ§ß§Ú§Û §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ä§à§Ô§ä§ß§à§ç §Ô§ï§ã§ï§ß §ï§â§Þ§ï§Ý§Ù§Ý§ï§Ý§Ú§Û§Ô §ç§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ§ç§Ñ§Õ §é§Ú§Ô§Ý§ï§Ô§Õ§ï§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ú§Ý§ï§ï. §´§Ú§Û§Þ§ï§ï§ã §¬§à§Þ§Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§ß, §©ө§Ó§Ýө§Ý§ä§Ú§Û§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Õ §ñ§Ó§å§å§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ä§ß§Ú§Û §Ò§à§Õ§Ý§à§Ô§à §ß§î §©ө§Ó§Ýө§Ý§ä§Ú§Û§ß ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ä§ß§Ú§Û §Ò§à§Õ§Ý§à§Ô§à§ä§à§Û §ê§å§å§Õ §å§ñ§Ý§Õ§Ñ§Ñ §ç§à§Ý§Ò§à§à§ä§à§Û §Ñ§Ó§é §ç§ï§â§ï§Ô§Ý§ï§ã§ï§ß §Ù§à§â§Ú§Ý§Ô§à §ß§î өө§â өө§â §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ó. §©ө§Ó§Ýө§Ý§äө§Õ ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ß§Ú§Û §Ò§à§Õ§Ý§à§Ô§à §ß§î §ä§ï§Õ§Ô§ï§ï§â §à§Ý§à§ß §Ñ§â§Õ §äү§Þ§ß§Ú§Û§Ô §©ө§Ó§Ýө§Ý§ä§Ú§Û§ß §ï§Ù§ï§ß§ä §Ôү§â§ß§Ú§Û §Õ§à§ä§à§â §Ò§Ñ§â§î§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ç§Ñ§Õ §é§Ú§Ô§Ý§ï§Ô§Õ§ï§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§à§Ý §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Õ §å§Ô §Ò§à§Õ§Ý§à§Ô§à §ß§î §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §ç§å§Ó§Ñ§Ñ§ç§Ñ§Õ, §Ò§å§ä§Ý§Ñ§ç§Ñ§Õ §ç§ï§â§ï§Ô§Ý§ï§Ô§Õ§ã§ï§ß §ð§Þ.
§¹§å§ç§Ñ§Þ үү§ß§Ú§Û §å§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§ã §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ §à§Ý§à§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Ø§å§å §Ñ§â§Õ §äү§Þ§ßүү§Õ §Ò§à§Ý§Ø, §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §å§Ý§ã §à§Ý§à§ß §ñ§ã§ä§ß§í §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §äө§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôү§Û §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §ã§å§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ý§Õ §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Þ §ç§å§Ó§Ñ§Ñ§â§î§Ôү§Û §ß§à§×§Ý§à§ç §Ò§à§Ý§Ø, §å§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§â §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß ө§ß§Ôө§â§ãө§ß §é ¡°§à§Ó§à§Ô §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ñ§Ô§é§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Õ§Ñ§Ø¡±, §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §äө§â §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §Ò§å§ã §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §äүү§ç§Ú§Û§ß, §ä§à§Õ§â§å§å§Ý§Ò§Ñ§Ý §ß§Ú§Û§Ô§Þ§Ú§Û§ß §ç§å§Ó§î§ã§Ý§í§ß §ä§à§Õ§à§â§ç§à§Û §ê§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ß§Õ §è§Ñ§â§è§ã§Ñ§ß §Òү§ä§ï§ï§Ô§Õ§ï§çүү§ß §Ò§à§Ý§Ø§ï§ï.
§´§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ä§à§Ô§ä§ß§à§Ý, ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ß§Ú§Û §äө§â §å§Ý§ã §Õ§ï§Ý§ç§Ú§Û §Õ§Ñ§ñ§Ñ§â ү§â§Ô§ï§Ý§Ø §Ý ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ß§Ú§Û §ß§ï§Ô§Õ§ï§Ý, §ß§ñ§Ô§ä§â§Ñ§Ý, §Ú§Ø§Ú§Ý§ã§Ý§Ú§Û§Ô §äө§âүү§Ý§Ø, §Ò§ï§ç§Øүү§Ý§Ø §Ú§â§ã§ï§ß §äүү§ç§ä§ï§Û. §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ä§à§Ô§ä§ß§à§Ý§í§Ô §ä§å§ß§ç§Ñ§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ç§Õ§Ñ§Ñ §é §é§å§ç§Ñ§Þ §ä§Ú§Û§Þ ү§Ù§ï§Ý §Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§Þ§ä§Ý§Ñ§Ý§ä§Ñ§Û §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §Ñ§Ø§ï§ï. §¤§ï§Ó§é §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ä§à§Ô§ä§ß§à§Ý§í§Ô §å§Õ§Ú§â§Õ§ã§Ñ§ß §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ §Ù§Ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Þ§Ø§Ý§Ñ§Ý §Ú§ç §Ôү§â§ßүү§Õ§Ú§Û§ß ө§Þ§ßө §çү§é§Ú§ß §Þө§çө§ã§Õө§Ø, §äүү§ç§Ú§Û§ß §ä§Ñ§Ó§è§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ñ§ã §Ñ§â§é§Ú§Ô§Õ§Ñ§ç§í§ß §ç§Ñ§Þ§ä §ç§ï§Õ§ï§ß §Ù§å§å§ß§í§Ô §Õ§Ñ§Þ§ß§å§å§Ý§Ñ§ß §Ñ§Ó§é §Ú§â§ã§ï§ß §å§Ý§ã §à§â§à§ß, §Ô§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§â §ß§å§ä§Ñ§Ô §ß§î §é §ç§ï§ã§ï§Ô§é§Ý§ï§ß §ç§ï§â§é§Ú§Ô§Õ§ã§ï§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §´үү§Ô§ï§ï§â §é §Ò§Ñ§â§Ñ§ç§Ôү§Û §×§Ô§ä§à§Û §ß§î §ä§ï§Õ§ß§Ú§Û §å§Ý§ã §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß ү§Ù§ï§Ý §Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§Þ§ä§Ý§Ñ§Ý§í§Ô §ç§Ñ§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß §ê§Ú§ß§Ø§Ý§ï§ç §å§ç§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í §ß§ï§â §çү§ß§Õ§ï§Õ §ä§å§Ý§Ô§å§å§â§Ý§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ß, §¦§Ó§â§à§á§í§ß, §Ù§Ñ§ç §ç§ñ§Ù§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â§í§ß, §ç§Ñ§â§è §Õ§à§â§Õ§à§ã§í§ß ү§Ù§ï§Ý §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ä§ß§í §Ùү§Û§ß §Ü§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§à§â§Ú §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§ã§à§ß §äө§Õ§Ú§Û§Ôү§Û §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß§í §ï§Ù§ï§Þ§ê§Ýүү§Õ§Ú§Û§Ô §à§Ó§à§Ô §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ñ§Ô, §ñ§ã§ä§Ñ§ß §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§Ø §ä§ï§Ô§ã§ß§ï§ï§â§ï§ï §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í §ç§å§ß§ä§Ñ§Û§Ø §ß§Ñ§â§í§Ô §à§Ó§à§Ô §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §å§Õ§Ú§â§Õ§Ñ§Ô§é§Ú§Õ §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§Ø§ï§ï.
§´§Ñ§â§ç§Ñ§Û §Ò§å§ä§Ñ§â§ç§Ñ§Û §é §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ä§à§Ô§ä§ß§à§Ý, §ï§Ù§ï§ß §ï§â§ç§ï§ï §Ñ§Ý§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§Ôү§Û§ã§ï§ß §Ò§à§Ý §¹§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§ç§Ñ§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§Ô §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ô§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß §ç§ï§Ó§ï§ï§â §é §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ç §Þ§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Õ§Ôү§Û§ß §Õ§ï§ï§â §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §ï§ã§Ó§ï§Ý §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ §¤§Ö§â§Þ§Ñ§ß §ç§ï§Ý§ä§ï§Û §Ñ§â§Õ §äү§Þ§ßүү§Õ§Ú§Û§ß §ß§ï§Ô§ï§ß §Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ý §ç§à§Ý§Ò§à§à§ß§í §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §ç§ï§Õ §ç§ï§Õ§ï§ß §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ä§à§Ô§ä§ß§à§ã§à§ß §äө§â §å§Ý§ã§å§å§Õ §é §Ò§Ñ§Û§ç §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ø §Ò§à§Ý§à§ç §ð§Þ.


§¯§Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§Û §Þ§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý


¡¡